{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:41:49Z","timestamp":1787978509984,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National New Materials Production and Application Demonstration Platform Project","award":["22T60130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22T60130"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of thermal hydrogen charging on the tensile properties of GH625 superalloy was investigated. The results reveal that hydrogen significantly reduces the ductility of the GH625, leading to a shift from microvoid coalescence (MVC)-induced ductile fracture to intergranular (IG) brittle fracture. Random grain boundaries (GBs) are the primary sites for crack initiation. Hydrogen reduces the critical fracture stress of the \u03b4 phase at grain boundaries, causing cracking of the \u03b4 phase. Under the influence of hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) and hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE), the \u03b4\/\u03b3 interface debonds, forming microcracks that propagate along the fractured \u03b4 phase, leading to intergranular cracking. Annealing twin boundaries (TBs) serve as secondary sites for crack initiation. Hydrogen-induced local stress concentration promotes twin boundary sliding and hydrogen segregation reduces twin boundary cohesion strength, which is the primary cause of TB crack formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18030526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T03:26:31Z","timestamp":1737689191000},"page":"526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hydrogen-Induced Ductility Loss of GH625 Superalloy Under Thermal Hydrogen Charging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jishun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Special Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Co., Ltd. (CISRI), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Special Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Co., Ltd. (CISRI), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Researchand Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Researchand Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangyou Changcheng Special Steel Co., Ltd. of Pangang Group, Jiangyou 621704, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangyou Changcheng Special Steel Co., Ltd. of Pangang Group, Jiangyou 621704, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Special Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Co., Ltd. (CISRI), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2024.03.060","article-title":"Study on the Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of As-Forged GH3625 Alloy","volume":"30","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.167522","article-title":"Influence of Heat Treatment on Inconel 625 Superalloy Sheet: Carbides, \u03b3\u2033, \u03b4 Phase Precipitation and Tensile Deformation Behavior","volume":"930","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.159342","article-title":"Temperature Dependence of Deformation Behavior, Microstructure Evolution and Fracture Mechanism of Inconel 625 Superalloy","volume":"869","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3115(00)00723-6","article-title":"Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 625 Superalloy","volume":"288","author":"Shankar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/ce\/zkad009","article-title":"Overview of Hydrogen-Resistant Alloys for High-Pressure Hydrogen Environment: On the Hydrogen Energy Structural Materials","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clean Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.10.178","article-title":"Differences between Internal and External Hydrogen Effects on Slow Strain Rate Tensile Test of Iron-Based Superalloy A286","volume":"47","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.08.211","article-title":"Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior in Interstitial Mn\u2013N Austenitic Stainless Steel","volume":"47","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2023.119141","article-title":"Research on Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of L-PBF 18Ni(300) Maraging Steel by Experiments and Numerical Simulations","volume":"256","author":"Mei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2020.139785","article-title":"On the Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of Nickel-Based Alloys: Alloys 718 and 725","volume":"792","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"624","article-title":"17\u2014Hydrogen Embrittlement of Nickel, Cobalt and Iron-Based Superalloys","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Gangloff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement of Materials in Energy Technologies"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Lee, J.A., and Woods, S. (2016). Hydrogen Embrittlement. (JSC-CN-36009), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1515\/corrrev-2012-0502","article-title":"Hydrogen Embrittlement Phenomena and Mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Lynch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Corros. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s13632-016-0319-4","article-title":"The Role of Hydrogen and Other Interstitials in the Mechanical Behavior of Metals","volume":"5","author":"Troiano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2018.12.014","article-title":"Enumeration of the Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity Mechanism for Hydrogen Embrittlement in Structural Materials","volume":"165","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1515\/corrrev-2019-0017","article-title":"Discussion of Some Recent Literature on Hydrogen-Embrittlement Mechanisms: Addressing Common Misunderstandings","volume":"37","author":"Lynch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corros. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2024.05.064","article-title":"In Situ Investigation of Hydrogen Embrittlement Induced by \u03b4 Phase in Selective Laser-Melted GH4169 Superalloy","volume":"211","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.11.233","article-title":"Effect of Grain Size and Precipitates on Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Nickel Alloy 718","volume":"55","author":"Khalid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2023.111558","article-title":"The Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanisms and Hydrogen Induced Cracking Process of Selective Laser-Melted GH4169","volume":"224","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2022.117789","article-title":"Criteria for Hydrogen-Assisted Crack Initiation in Ni-Based Superalloy 718","volume":"229","author":"Ogawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2019.108186","article-title":"Pronounced Transition of Crack Initiation and Propagation Modes in the Hydrogen-Related Failure of a Ni-Based Superalloy 718 under Internal and External Hydrogen Conditions","volume":"161","author":"Ogawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2019.08.020","article-title":"Effect of Electrochemical Charging on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Alloy 718","volume":"179","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2018.10.002","article-title":"Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of Inconel 718 Alloy at Room Temperature","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.08.179","article-title":"Tensile Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behaviors of Nickel-Based Superalloy 718 in the Presence of Hydrogen","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2017.02.059","article-title":"Hydrogen-Assisted Failure in Ni-Based Superalloy 718 Studied under in Situ Hydrogen Charging: The Role of Localized Deformation in Crack Propagation","volume":"128","author":"Tarzimoghadam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2023.144635","article-title":"Hydrogen-Induced Degradation Behavior of Nickel Alloy Studied Using Acoustic Emission Technique","volume":"865","author":"Soundararajan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-023-01546-z","article-title":"Hydrogen Embrittlement of Ni-Based Superalloy Inconel 625 Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: The Role of Laves Phase","volume":"30","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.08.030","article-title":"Abnormal Difference of Hydrogen-Induced Ductility Loss in Nickel-Based Alloy 625 at Conventional and Slow Strain Rate","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2022.140477","article-title":"Hydrogen Diffusion and Trapping in Nickel-Based Alloy 625: An Electrochemical Permeation Study","volume":"421","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2011.04.022","article-title":"Hydrogen Uptake in Austenitic Stainless Steels by Exposure to Gaseous Hydrogen and Its Effect on Tensile Deformation","volume":"53","author":"Mine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-017-4304-6","article-title":"Formation of the Ni3Nb \u03b4-Phase in Stress-Relieved Inconel 625 Produced via Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing","volume":"48","author":"Lass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02647316","article-title":"Inhomogeneous Deformation in INCONEL 718 during Monotonic and Cyclic Loadings","volume":"21","author":"Worthem","year":"1990","journal-title":"Metall. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2004.11.023","article-title":"Shearing of \u0393\u2033 Precipitates and Formation of Planar Slip Bands in Inconel 718 during Cyclic Deformation","volume":"52","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6160(89)90143-0","article-title":"On the Origin of Planar Slip in f.c.c. Alloys","volume":"37","author":"Gerold","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Metall."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2015.06.112","article-title":"Effects of Grain Size on Hydrogen Embrittlement in a Fe-22Mn-0.6C TWIP Steel","volume":"40","author":"Zan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2013.11.062","article-title":"Effect of Grain Size on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Sensitivity of a Precipitation Strengthened Fe\u2013Ni Based Alloy","volume":"594","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2023.111189","article-title":"Role of Precipitates-Decorated \u03a33 Twin Boundaries on Hydrogen-Induced Crack Initiation and Propagation in Ni-Based Superalloy 718","volume":"218","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.02.053","article-title":"Multi-Scale and Spatially Resolved Hydrogen Mapping in a Ni\u2013Nb Model Alloy Reveals the Role of the \u03b4 Phase in Hydrogen Embrittlement of Alloy 718","volume":"109","author":"Tarzimoghadam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.04.045","article-title":"Investigation of Hydrogen Embrittlement Properties of Ni-Based Alloy 718 Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion","volume":"47","author":"Yoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.04.174","article-title":"DFT Study of the Solubility of Hydrogen and Carbon in Ni3Nb-D0a and Ni3Nb-D022 Systems","volume":"610","author":"Galliano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2018.10.019","article-title":"On the Role of Precipitates in Hydrogen Trapping and Hydrogen Embrittlement of a Nickel-Based Superalloy","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2004.07.004","article-title":"Delta Phase Precipitation in Inconel 718","volume":"53","author":"Azadian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.05.257","article-title":"Review of the Hydrogen Embrittlement and Interactions between Hydrogen and Microstructural Interfaces in Metallic Alloys: Grain Boundary, Twin Boundary, and Nano-Precipitate","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7164","article-title":"The Dual Role of Coherent Twin Boundaries in Hydrogen Embrittlement","volume":"6","author":"Seita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2015.03.016","article-title":"Correlation between Dislocation Organization and Slip Bands: TEM and AFM Investigations in Hydrogen-Containing Nickel and Nickel\u2013Chromium","volume":"91","author":"Girardin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(94)90975-X","article-title":"Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity\u2014A Mechanism for Hydrogen-Related Fracture","volume":"176","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7944(01)00011-X","article-title":"The Effect of Hydrogen on Dislocation Dynamics","volume":"68","author":"Robertson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159610","article-title":"Strengthening Materials by Engineering Coherent Internal Boundaries at the Nanoscale","volume":"324","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.170059","article-title":"In Situ Interlayer Hot Forging Arc Plasma Directed Energy Deposition of Inconel\u00ae 625: Microstructure Evolution during Heat Treatments","volume":"952","author":"Farias","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.138361","article-title":"Effect of Twin Boundaries on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 625 Alloy","volume":"767","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/3\/526\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:34:59Z","timestamp":1759919699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/3\/526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18030526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18030526","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]}}}