{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:36:55Z","timestamp":1782513415190,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>M\u012bn\u0101\u2019\u012b wares, crafted during the 12th\u201313th centuries, represent some of the earliest examples of sophisticated painted enamel decoration by potters. Due to the thinness of these enamel layers, their detailed characterization remains challenging, even with the use of advanced techniques, such as Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) analysis and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). This study provides the first combined non-invasive analysis, using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy, of five shards attributed to m\u012bn\u0101\u2019\u012b wares. For comparison, two \u0130znik shards from the 17th century, which feature similarly styled but thicker enamel decorations, were also analyzed. Interestingly, the m\u012bn\u0101\u2019\u012b paste was found to contain lead and tin, suggesting the use of a lead-rich frit in its composition. This finding was confirmed through micro-destructive analysis, using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM\u2013EDS). Elements, such as rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), and zirconium (Zr), produced significant XRF signals and effectively distinguished m\u012bn\u0101\u2019\u012b wares from \u0130znik wares. A uniform tin-rich glaze, measuring 300\u2013500 \u00b5m in thickness, was used as a base layer for the much thinner painted m\u012bn\u0101\u2019\u012b enamels. The colored areas (blue, turquoise, red, green, black, white, eggplant) revealed the presence of various coloring agents and phases, such as spinels, chromite, and ions like Cu2+ and Co2+, as well as opacifiers like cassiterite and lead\u2013calcium\/potassium arsenates. Two distinct cobalt sources were identified: one associated with arsenic and the other with manganese and nickel. These cobalt sources are comparable to those used in \u0130znik pottery. For the first time, boron was detected in the blue enamel of m\u012bn\u0101\u2019\u012b wares.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18030575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T11:38:49Z","timestamp":1737977929000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Non-Invasive Raman and XRF Study of M\u012bn\u0101\u2019\u012b Decoration, the First Sophisticated Painted Enamels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6099-5423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Colomban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MONARIS UMR8233, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Campus Pierre-et-Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9050-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulsu","family":"Simsek Franci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul Gedik University, Cumhuriyet Mah. \u0130lkbahar Sok. No: 1 Kartal, 34876 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh-Tu","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MONARIS UMR8233, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Campus Pierre-et-Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Gallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7194\u2014Histoire Naturelle de l\u2019Homme Pr\u00e9historique (HNHP), Mus\u00e9e National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Perpignan Via Domitia, Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Homme, 17 Place du Trocad\u00e9ro, 75116 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Change in style of Persian ceramics in the last part of 7\/13th c","volume":"59","author":"Crowe","year":"1985","journal-title":"Riv. 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