{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:42:42Z","timestamp":1759970562098,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005995","name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC-PL\/17\/24-25","BG16RFPR002-1.014-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-PL\/17\/24-25","BG16RFPR002-1.014-0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Operational Program \u201cScientific Research, Innovation, and Digitization for Smart Transformation 2021\u20132027\u201d","award":["IC-PL\/17\/24-25","BG16RFPR002-1.014-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-PL\/17\/24-25","BG16RFPR002-1.014-0005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents results on nanosecond laser ablation of a titanium (Ti) plate immersed in a liquid medium using the fundamental wavelength (1064 nm) of a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser system. The laser radiation was focused on the target surface as scanning was accomplished by an XY translation stage. The laser processing of the Ti targets took place in two organic liquids\u2014liquid paraffin and diesel oil. The morphology of the structured surfaces and the structure and phase composition of the samples were studied; their dependences on the processing parameters are discussed. With both liquid media used, crack formation on the surface of the laser-treated Ti target was observed. Formation of a titanium carbide (TiC) phase was found whose properties could be tuned by varying the laser irradiation parameters. Raman measurements were utilized to analyze the carbon structure formed in the resulting coatings. The results of surface electron microscopy reveal that the thickness of the resulting coatings reached 20 \u00b5m. Some of the obtained coatings demonstrated about three times higher hardness compared to the native Ti sample. The technique proposed can be used in surface modification of materials in view of improving their mechanical properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18030598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T07:54:08Z","timestamp":1738050848000},"page":"598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanosecond Laser Processing of Titanium in Organic Liquids as a Method for Obtaining Titanium Carbide Coatings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2377-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosen","family":"Nikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academician Emil Djakov Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Nedyalkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academician Emil Djakov Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0416-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Valkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academician Emil Djakov Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Technical University of Gabrovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5602-9019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana","family":"Koutzarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academician Emil Djakov Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tsarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyubomir","family":"Aleksandrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. Bld. 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1895-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genoveva","family":"Atanasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. Bld. 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7577-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Grochowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 14 Fiszera Str., 80-231 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malini, S., Raj, K., and Anantharaju, K.S. (2023). 1\u2014Role of ceramics and ceramic coatings in biomedical applications. 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