{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T20:48:32Z","timestamp":1776458912408,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Government-Enterprise Joint Funding Project","award":["22JE017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JE017"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Government-Enterprise Joint Funding Project","award":["XJ17T08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ17T08"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents","award":["22JE017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JE017"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents","award":["XJ17T08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ17T08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the case of engineering structures, the performance of a structure will gradually deteriorate with an increase in the usage time, leading to a decrease in the safety of the structure. In addition, even if the safety of a structure is reliable, its current structure type may no longer meet the latest usage requirements. Therefore, four reinforced concrete specimens were produced in this study: one was a cast-in-place specimen, and three were specimens connected by a T-shaped steel plate with steel cladding reinforcement. This article first introduces the structural form and construction method of the new types of joints, and then it describes the quasi-static testing that was conducted to analyze seismic performance indicators such as the failure characteristics, bearing capacity, ductility, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation. Finally, combined with a strain analysis of the steel bars and steel plates, the force transmission mechanism of the new types of joints was investigated. The research content of this paper helps to promote the progress of structural retrofitting and strengthening work and the sustainable development of the construction industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18030600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T07:54:08Z","timestamp":1738050848000},"page":"600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experimental Study on the Mechanical Performance of Reinforced Concrete Joints Connected by T-Shaped Steel Plates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Engineering Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaoqun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weigao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hui, W.F. (2021). Study on Adding Floors and Strengthening of a Certain Multi-Story Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances in assessment and retrofitting of building structures","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"76","article-title":"Development on theory and technology on the evaluation, strengthening and retrofitting of existing structures","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Shandong Jianzhu Univ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2019.04.017","article-title":"Semi-rigid partial-strength steel-timber composite (STC) connections with mechanically anchored steel rods","volume":"158","author":"Nouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2020.106257","article-title":"Moment-rotation model for steel-timber composite connections with slab continuity steel rods","volume":"173","author":"Nouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Wiktor, R. (1994). Glulam Connections Using Epoxy Glued-in Rebars. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Nottingham Trent University]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.15554\/pcij.05012006.66.76","article-title":"Ductile connections in precast concrete moment resisting frames","volume":"51","author":"Ozturan","year":"2006","journal-title":"PCI J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"113005","article-title":"Seismic experiment of precast concrete exterior beam-column joint using bolt type connection and prestressing method","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korea Concr. Inst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.113005","article-title":"Performance of a moment resisting beam-column connection for precast concrete construction","volume":"246","author":"Baran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.111884","article-title":"Seismic performance of precast concrete beam-column joint based on the bolt connection","volume":"232","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2005.04.004","article-title":"Performance of a precast concrete beam-to-beam connection subject to reversed cyclic loading","volume":"27","author":"Tankut","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"81","article-title":"Seismic behavior of a type of welded precast concrete beam-column connection","volume":"58","author":"Torres","year":"2014","journal-title":"PCI J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-017-0114-x","article-title":"Cyclic shear tests on RC precast beam-to-column connections retrofitted with a three-hinged steel device","volume":"15","author":"Magliulo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.110006","article-title":"Introducing an easy-install precast concrete beam-to-column connection strengthened by steel box and peripheral plates","volume":"205","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2021.11.050","article-title":"Experimental study on the seismic performance of new precast concrete beam-column joints with replaceable connection","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2023.105343","article-title":"Seismic behaviour of precast concrete beam-column connections with bolted end plates","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2024.106362","article-title":"Seismic performance verification and theoretical stiffness calculation for a novel assembled concrete dry-connected beam-column node","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.019","article-title":"Concrete jacket construction detail effectiveness when strengthening RC columns","volume":"22","author":"Vandoros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Guo, R.H. (2011, January 13\u201317). The reliability of enlarging the cross-section in reinforcing the frame construction buildings. Proceedings of the ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Corvallis, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02034","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201819602034","article-title":"Numerical analysis of strengthening concrete columns by high performance fiber concrete","volume":"196","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013091","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000879","article-title":"Eccentric axial load capacity of high-strength steel-concrete composite columns of various sectional shapes","volume":"140","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s13296-016-6018-9","article-title":"Experimental study on bending behavior and seismic performance of hybrid composite beam with new shape","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Steel Struct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2018.02.010","article-title":"Study on seismic behavior of encased steel jacket-strengthened earthquake-damaged composite steel-concrete columns","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.08.022","article-title":"Seismic improvement of RC beam-column joints using hexagonal CFRP bars; combined with CFRP sheets","volume":"95","author":"Chao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5067","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-016-0844-2","article-title":"Strengthening and rehabilitation of exterior RC beam\u2013column joints using carbon-FRP jacketing","volume":"49","author":"Beydokhti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s40069-017-0203-x","article-title":"Seismic Performance of Exterior RC Beam\u2013Column Joints Retrofitted using Various Retrofit Solutions","volume":"11","author":"Truong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40996-016-0028-x","article-title":"Retrofitting RC Joints Using Flange-Bonded FRP Sheets","volume":"41","author":"Azarm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.090","article-title":"Strength and ductility of RC columns strengthened with steel angles and battens","volume":"35","author":"Campione","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2014.04.005","article-title":"Strengthening of RC columns by steel angles and strips","volume":"53","author":"Tarabia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.11.160","article-title":"Performance of square reinforced concrete columns externally confined by steel angle collars under combined axial and lateral load","volume":"125","author":"Pudjisuryadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2017.07.014","article-title":"Seismic retrofit of external concrete beam-column joints reinforced by plain bars using steel angles prestressed by cross ties","volume":"148","author":"Adibi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2019). Standard for Test Methods of Concrete Physical and Mechanical Properties (Standard No. GB\/T 50081-2019)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2010). Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing-Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature (Standard No. GB\/T 228.1-2010)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2015). Specification for Seismic Test of Buildings (Standard No. JGJ\/T 101-2015)."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/3\/600\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:37:47Z","timestamp":1759919867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/3\/600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18030600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18030600","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]}}}