{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:22:13Z","timestamp":1790796133018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Czech Science Foundation project","award":["GA24-10626S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA24-10626S"]}]},{"name":"Czech Science Foundation project","award":["09I03-03-V04-00315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09I03-03-V04-00315"]}]},{"name":"EU NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Plan for Slovakia","award":["GA24-10626S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA24-10626S"]}]},{"name":"EU NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Plan for Slovakia","award":["09I03-03-V04-00315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09I03-03-V04-00315"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the influence of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) preparation time on the degradation resistance of Mg-1Zn (Z1) and Mg-1Zn-0.4Ca (ZX10) alloys, with comparisons to pure Mg and commercial Mg-4Y-3RE-0.4Zr (WE43). PEO layers were formed with varying preparation times (5, 10, and 15 min) and analyzed for microstructure, morphology, and corrosion resistance. The results indicated that PEO layers with a 10 min preparation time had the most homogeneous structure and optimal corrosion resistance. Prolonged PEO preparation times increased pore density, crack formation, and layer thickness while also promoting layer degradation during extended immersion in 0.9% NaCl corrosive media. The dissolution of phosphates from PEO layers contributes to the formation of a protective corrosion layer, enhancing long-term resistance. These findings demonstrate that low-alloyed, biocompatible Mg-Zn(-Ca) alloys can achieve corrosion resistance comparable to high-performance WE43 alloys through appropriate surface treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18040747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T10:25:57Z","timestamp":1739355957000},"page":"747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Improving Biodegradable Mg-Zn(-Ca) Alloys by Surface Treatment via Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7743-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Verta\u013e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles University, Department of Physics of Materials, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kaj\u00e1nek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of \u017dilina, Research Centre, Univerzitn\u00e1 8215\/1, 01026 \u017dilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6008-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Kub\u00e1sek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technick\u00e1 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7034-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Min\u00e1rik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles University, Department of Physics of Materials, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"University of \u017dilina, Research Centre, Univerzitn\u00e1 8215\/1, 01026 \u017dilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.06.024","article-title":"Biodegradable Mg Alloys for Orthopedic Implants\u2014A Review","volume":"9","author":"Tsakiris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"9673174","article-title":"Magnesium-Based Absorbable Metal Screws for Intra-Articular Fracture Fixation","volume":"2016","author":"Biber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24348","article-title":"Advances in Amelioration of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on Biodegradable Magnesium and Alloys","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2017.02.004","article-title":"Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Magnesium and Its Alloys: Mechanism, Properties and Applications","volume":"5","author":"Aliofkhazraei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2022.128990","article-title":"Development of Biocompatible and Corrosion-Resistant Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coating over Zinc for Orthopedic Implant Applications","volume":"450","author":"Shishir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toulabifard, A., Rahmati, M., Raeissi, K., Hakimizad, A., and Santamaria, M. (2020). The Effect of Electrolytic Solution Composition on the Structure, Corrosion, and Wear Resistance of PEO Coatings on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10100937"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2011.06.059","article-title":"Characterization and Corrosion Behavior of Ceramic Coating on Magnesium by Micro-Arc Oxidation","volume":"509","author":"Durdu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.07.005","article-title":"Titanium versus Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Surface-Modified Magnesium Miniplates in a Forehead Secondary Fracture Healing Model in Sheep","volume":"185","author":"Herzog","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.11.052","article-title":"Long-Term In Vivo Observations Show Biocompatibility and Performance of ZX00 Magnesium Screws Surface-Modified by Plasma-Electrolytic Oxidation in G\u00f6ttingen Miniature Pigs","volume":"157","author":"Kopp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2024.130539","article-title":"Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of AZ31 Magnesium Stents for Degradation Rate Control","volume":"479","author":"Torres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2024.128983","article-title":"In Situ Synthesis and Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coating Containing an Osteoporosis Drug on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy","volume":"315","author":"Rahmati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2023.135601","article-title":"Characteristics of Plasma Electrolytic Oxide Coating on Magnesium-Hydroxyapatite Composites","volume":"356","author":"Azzahra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149016","article-title":"Improving the Inflammatory-Associated Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys by Mn3O4 Incorporated Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings","volume":"483","author":"Bahrampour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roh, H.-J., Park, J., Lee, S.-H., Kim, D.-H., Lee, G.-C., Jeon, H., Chae, M., Lee, K.-S., Sun, J.-Y., and Lee, D.-H. (2022). Optimization of the Clinically Approved Mg-Zn Alloy System through the Addition of Ca. Biomater. Res., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-022-00283-5"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2011.06.008","article-title":"Development and Microstructural Characterizations of Mg\u2013Zn\u2013Ca Alloys for Biomedical Applications","volume":"176","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-396X(200211)194:1<147::AID-PSSA147>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"The Strength of Concentrated Mg\u2013Zn Solid Solutions","volume":"194","author":"Blake","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2024.128933","article-title":"Mg ZX10 Alloy for Biomedical Applications: Surface Characterization and Comparative Corrosion Studies under Simulated Biological Conditions","volume":"315","author":"Malvestiti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"223","article-title":"Improving Mechanical Performance of Biodegradable ZX10 Alloy in Hanks\u2019 Solution through Thermo-Mechanical Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Merson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lett. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.09.033","article-title":"Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue Characterisation of MgZn1Ca0.3 (ZX10) in a Simulated Physiological Environment","volume":"65","author":"Jafari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadzima, B., Kaj\u00e1nek, D., Jambor, M., Dr\u00e1bikov\u00e1, J., B\u0159ezina, M., Buhagiar, J., Pastorkov\u00e1, J., and Jackov\u00e1, M. (2020). PEO of AZ31 Mg Alloy: Effect of Electrolyte Phosphate Content and Current Density. Metals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/met10111521"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9440(95)00581-1","article-title":"Application of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy to Study the Degradation of Polymer-Coated Metals","volume":"26","author":"Amirudin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.09.056","article-title":"Long-Term Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Microarc Oxidation Coated AZ31 Mg Alloys for Biomedical Applications","volume":"46","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Chen, P., Wu, W., Sheng, L., Zheng, Y., and Chu, P.K. (2024). A Review of Corrosion-Resistant PEO Coating on Mg Alloy. Coatings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14040451"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2022.128773","article-title":"Impact of Shot Peening on Corrosion Performance of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Coated by PEO: Comparison with Conventional Surface Pre-Treatments","volume":"446","author":"Pastorek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2015.04.007","article-title":"Enhanced Uniformity of Apatite Coating on a PEO Film Formed on AZ31 Mg Alloy by an Alkali Pretreatment","volume":"272","author":"Anawati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.08.137","article-title":"An Investigation of Ceramic Coating Growth Mechanisms in Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) Processing","volume":"112","author":"Hussein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochimica Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2024, December 29). Comparison of 2D and 3D Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO)-Based Coating Porosity Data Obtained by X-Ray Tomography Rendering and a Classical Metallographic Approach. Available online: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/18\/6315.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15186315"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2008.08.013","article-title":"Precipitation Control of Calcium Phosphate on Pure Magnesium by Anodization","volume":"50","author":"Hiromoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.05.010","article-title":"Influence of Second Phase on Corrosion Performance and Formation Mechanism of PEO Coating on AZ91 Mg Alloy","volume":"718","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2020.06.002","article-title":"Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of AZ31 and AZ91 Magnesium Alloys: Comparison of Coatings Formation Mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Rakoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2007.11.005","article-title":"Corrosion Behaviour of Magnesium\/Aluminium Alloys in 3.5 Wt.% NaCl","volume":"50","author":"Pardo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2020.108722","article-title":"Selecting Medium for Corrosion Testing of Bioabsorbable Magnesium and Other Metals\u2014A Critical Review","volume":"171","author":"Mei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/4\/747\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:29:10Z","timestamp":1760027350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/4\/747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18040747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18040747","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]}}}