{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:29:44Z","timestamp":1788791384587,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006141","name":"Military University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGB 22-719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB 22-719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006141","name":"Military University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GB84-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GB84-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ANSYS National License","award":["UGB 22-719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB 22-719"]}]},{"name":"ANSYS National License","award":["GB84-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GB84-21"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling University of Warsaw (ICM UW)","award":["UGB 22-719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB 22-719"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling University of Warsaw (ICM UW)","award":["GB84-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GB84-21"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling (ICM) of the University of Warsaw","award":["UGB 22-719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB 22-719"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling (ICM) of the University of Warsaw","award":["GB84-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GB84-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hydrostatic pressure in the periodontal ligament (PDL) plays a critical role in orthodontic treatment, influencing tooth movement and remodeling of periodontal tissue. The relationship between alveolar cortical bone density and the risk of root resorption due to excessive stress in the PDL has not been clearly defined. Objective: This study aimed to analyze hydrostatic pressure in the periodontal ligament of the tooth roots during en-masse retraction of the maxillary incisors using temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TISADs) after the first premolar extractions, as well as during full arch retraction. Methods: A numerical model was used, varying the Young\u2019s modulus of cortical bone from 12.5 GPa to 27.5 GPa in increments of 3.0 GPa. Extreme values for bone stiffness were derived from the literature. In all the cases analyzed, the hook height was fixed at 6 mm, and the cranial surface was constrained. Results: Doubling the stiffness of the cortical bone approximately reduced the hydrostatic pressure in the PDL by 1.5 times for both full-arch retraction and post-first premolar extraction retraction. A critical hydrostatic pressure of 4.7 kPa was exceeded in full-arch retraction for low Young\u2019s modulus of 12.5 Gpa values at forces as low as 600 g. On the contrary, for cortical bone with a high Young\u2019s modulus of 27.5 GPa, this critical pressure was reached only at forces around 960 g, approximately 1.6 times higher. Conclusions: The density of the alveolar cortical bone significantly influences the hydrostatic pressure in the PDL of most tooth roots during orthodontic treatment. This parameter can be a critical factor in the risk of root resorption when optimal forces are exceeded. Further research is necessary to better understand these dynamics. Individual protocols for orthodontic treatment and CBCT imaging are necessary to minimize complications in the form of root resorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18040776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T11:08:51Z","timestamp":1739358531000},"page":"776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Influence of Bone Density on Stresses in the Periodontal Ligament During Orthodontic Movement\u2014Finite Element Study on Innovative Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Ewa","family":"Kuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3362-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Sybilski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2 Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1925-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Stankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2 Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5781-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Kotu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Kuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Jana Kili\u0144skiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Hajduk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Doktora Witolda Chod\u017aki 6 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1300-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Ma\u0142achowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2 Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Sarul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Mechanobiology of orthodontic tooth movement: An update","volume":"12","author":"Maltha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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