{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:29:47Z","timestamp":1784125787901,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52204104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52204104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFHZ0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFHZ0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SICGM202403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SICGM202403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52204104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52204104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFHZ0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFHZ0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SICGM202403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SICGM202403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the State Key Laboratory of Strata Intelligent Control and Green Mining Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology","award":["52204104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52204104"]}]},{"name":"the State Key Laboratory of Strata Intelligent Control and Green Mining Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology","award":["2024YFHZ0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFHZ0033"]}]},{"name":"the State Key Laboratory of Strata Intelligent Control and Green Mining Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology","award":["SICGM202403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SICGM202403"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate dynamic fracture characteristics and failure behavior of different sections of tunnel surrounding rock mass, six kinds of model tunnels were fabricated using green sandstone, and impact tests were performed using a split Hopkinson pressure bar system. The dynamic compressive strength and energy change behaviors of samples comprising different-shaped tunnels were assessed, and crack propagation paths were analyzed employing a digital image correlation method. Numerical calculations were carried out using the software LS-DYNA (v. 2021R1), and the dynamic stress concentration factors of different model tunnel samples were determined. The results of the research indicated that the shape of the tunnel affected the dynamic compressive strength. The elliptical tunnel had the smallest percentage of dissipated energy, and the three-centered circular tunnel had the largest percentage of dissipated energy. The maximum tensile stress concentration factor in the model tunnels consistently occurred at the top or bottom; so, the locations of initiation were most commonly at the bottoms and tops of the tunnels. Sample failure resulted from a combination of tensile and shear cracks, with the failure mode being primarily tensile-dominated. Finally, the inverted arch had an obvious alleviating action on the stress concentration phenomenon at the bottom of the three-centered circle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18040889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T08:36:19Z","timestamp":1739867779000},"page":"889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation of Fracture Characteristics and Energy Evolution Laws of Model Tunnels with Different Shapes Subjected to Impact Load"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Fukuan","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuepeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Strata Intelligent Control and Green Mining Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-1014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haohan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China MCC5 Group Corp, Ltd., Chengdu 610063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-023-03537-3","article-title":"Dynamic Behaviour and Energy Evolution of Granite in a Tunnel Under Cyclic Impact Loading","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rock Mech. 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