{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:26:53Z","timestamp":1787664413399,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.02.01.00-00-0105\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.02.01.00-00-0105\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This publication presents the results of research on selected quality features of sample models made using 3D printing technology from the Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) group and a material based on aluminum powder. Two quality areas were analyzed: tensile strength and geometric surface structure. Strength tests of thin-walled models were carried out for samples with four given thicknesses of 1, 1.4, 1.8, and 2 mm and four printing directions, namely, three in the XZ plane and one in the XY plane. The measurement of the geometric structure was carried out using optical measuring devices and by taking into account the assessment of roughness and waviness parameters. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), an analysis of the fracture of samples after rupture was carried out and the surface was assessed for technological defects created in the manufacturing process. The test results showed that for thin-walled sample models, there are certain technological limitations regarding the minimum sample thickness in the manufacturing process and that the strength of thin-walled models in relation to \u201csolid\u201d samples depends on both the sample thickness and the printing direction. Roughness parameters that determine functional quality characteristics such as friction and wear were determined and also showed a dependence on the printing direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18051134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T05:52:16Z","timestamp":1740981136000},"page":"1134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of Selected Quality Characteristics of Thin-Walled Models Manufactured Using Powder Bed Fusion Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8922-4187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kozior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7540-3822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Bochnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4214-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Jurago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydropress Wojciech G\u00f3rzny, AMTH Research and Development Center, 84-230 Rumia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"J\u0119drzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydropress Wojciech G\u00f3rzny, AMTH Research and Development Center, 84-230 Rumia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydropress Wojciech G\u00f3rzny, AMTH Research and Development Center, 84-230 Rumia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2022.110491","article-title":"Improved Mechanical Characteristics of New Auxetic Structures Based on Stretch-Dominated-Mechanism Deformation under Compressive and Tensile Loadings","volume":"184","author":"Etemadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2024.111743","article-title":"Multi-Scale Simulation of Residual Stress and Deformation of Large-Size Hollow Parts Fabricated by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bochnia, J., Kozior, T., and Zyz, J. (2023). The Mechanical Properties of Direct Metal Laser Sintered Thin-Walled Maraging Steel (MS1) Elements. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134699"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.14314\/polimery.2024.3.4","article-title":"Study of Cellular Structures Built from Self-Similar Models and Repeatable Structures Manufactured by FDM\/FFF Technology","volume":"69","author":"Rudnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polimery"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0142atek, P., Rajkowski, K., Cieplak, K., Sarzy\u0144ski, M., Ma\u0142achowski, J., Wo\u017aniak, R., and Janiszewski, J. (2020). Deformation Process of 3D Printed Structures Made from Flexible Material with Different Values of Relative Density. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12092120"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzelak, K., Kluczy\u0144ski, J., Szachog\u0142uchowicz, I., \u0141uszczek, J., \u015anie\u017cek, L., and Torzewski, J. (2020). Modification of Structural Properties Using Process Parameters and Surface Treatment of Monolithic and Thin-Walled Parts Obtained by Selective Laser Melting. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245662"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozior, T., and Kundera, C. (2021). Viscoelastic Properties of Cell Structures Manufactured Using a Photo-Curable Additive Technology\u2014PJM. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13111895"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.14314\/polimery.2024.2.4","article-title":"Polymer Materials to Produce Wrist-Hand Orthoses Using the Additive Method","volume":"69","author":"Szczygiel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polimery"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bochnia, J., Kozior, T., and Musialek, M. (2023). Flexural Properties of Thin-Walled Specimens with Square Hollow Sections 3D Printed from ABS Reinforced with Aramid Fibers. Fibers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib11090077"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140005","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5034997","article-title":"Analysis of 3D Printing Parameters of Gears for Hybrid Manufacturing","volume":"1960","author":"Budzik","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Gunnar, M., Daniel, M., Marcel, R., Katharina, S., and Johannes Henrich, S. (2018, January 7\u20139). Additive Manufacturing Processes In Fluid Power\u2014Properties And Opportunities Demonstrated At A Flow-Optimized Fitting. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Hydraulics and Pneumatics\u2013HERVEX, Baile Govora, Romania."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.05.017","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing for Product Improvement at Red Bull Technology","volume":"41","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Matthiesen, G., Merget, D., Pietrzyk, T., Ziegler, S., Schleifenbaum, J.H., and Schmitz, K. (2020, January 12\u201314). Design and Experimental Investigation of an Additive Manufactured Compact Drive. Proceedings of the 12th International Fluid Power Conference, Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1889","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing in Fluid Power with Novel Application Tohydraulic Pump Design","volume":"4","author":"Anton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Des. Conf.\u2014Des."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2021). Additive Manufacturing\u2014General Principles\u2014Fundamentals and Vocabulary (Standard No. ISO\/ASTM 52900:2021)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madej, M., and Piotrowska, K. (2024). Characterisation of TiCN Coatings for Biomedical Applications. Coatings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14060775"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"57","article-title":"Influence of Surface Roughness on Selected Properties of the Tialn Coating","volume":"63","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metalurgija"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2012). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)\u2014Surface Texture: Areal\u2014Part 2: Terms. Definitions and Surface Texture Parameters (Standard No. ISO 25178-2)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2021). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)\u2014Surface Texture: Profile\u2014Part 2: Terms, Definitions and Surface Texture Parameters (Standard No. ISO 21920-2)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1515\/mms-2017-0046","article-title":"Problem of Non-Measured Points in Surface Texture Measurements","volume":"24","author":"Pawlus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zmarzly, P., Kozior, T., and Gogolewski, D. (2023). The Effect of Non-Measured Points on the Accuracy of the Surface Topography Assessment of Elements 3D Printed Using Selected Additive Technologies. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16010460"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"101088","article-title":"Experimental Analysis of Additively Manufactured Component and Design Guide-lines for Lightweight Structures: A Case Study Using Electron Beam Melting","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081010","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4053608","article-title":"Effects of Build Angle on Additively Manufactured Aluminum Alloy Surface Roughness and Wettability","volume":"144","author":"Bailey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/5\/1134\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:46:16Z","timestamp":1760028376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/5\/1134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18051134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18051134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]}}}