{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:01:25Z","timestamp":1778691685356,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s NextGenerationEU","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article compares two new textile materials used to clean up spills of oil or two oil products (crude oil, diesel fuel, and base oil SN 150). The plain-woven cotton fabric is hydrophilic, with a typical porous structure. After coating with a layer of chitosan modified with benzaldehyde and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (CB), its hydrophobicity increases, hence the sorption affinity to hydrophobic hydrocarbons. Including in situ synthesized zinc oxide particles in the hydrophobic chitosan layer (CBZ) changes its structure and increases the sorption capacity. The morphology of the layers was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by comparing the contact angles of the pollutants against the cotton fabric and the composite materials. EDX analysis and mapping for the Zn element show that zinc is homogeneously distributed on the fabric surface. The roughness enhancement and mesoporous structure under the influence of zinc oxide particles were established by the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The advantages of textile composites are their flexibility, stability, and ability to float on the water and wipe up oil spills. It was found that the materials can be successfully regenerated and used repeatedly, making them highly effective because the sorbed crude oil or petroleum products can be separated and utilized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18051146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T04:58:17Z","timestamp":1741064297000},"page":"1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Application of Textile Composite Materials as a Sorbent for Cleaning Up Oil Spills"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Angelova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile, Leather and Fuels, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7556-1222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desislava","family":"Staneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile, Leather and Fuels, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Atanasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile, Leather and Fuels, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5366-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesislava","family":"Toteva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile, Leather and Fuels, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"103700","article-title":"Hydrocarbon contamination along Morocco\u2019s coastlines: Presence, impact, evaluation, and mitigation","volume":"77","author":"Chahouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, H.V.R., Hammoud, M.A.E.R., Carrasco, A.K., Hoteit, I., and Knio, O.M. (2024). Oil spill risk analysis for the NEOM shoreline. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57048-4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staro\u2019, A. (2023). Sorption and Photocatalysis of Dyes on an Oil-Based Composite Enriched with Nanometric ZnO and TiO2. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151511874"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, S., and Goud, V.V. (2023). Rice husk derived biogenic silica coated cotton as an effective, sustainable oil-water separation platform. Biomass Bioenergy, 177.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2023.106935"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, J.K., Tauseef, S.M., Manna, S., Patel, R.K., Singh, V.K., and Dasgotra, A. (2024). A Short Note on Naturally-derived Materials for Oil-water Separation; Application of Nanotechnology for Resource Recovery from Wastewater. Application of Nanotechnology for Resource Recovery from Wastewater, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003176350"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/15280837231186652","article-title":"Recent advances of textile sorbents for oil spills cleanup: A review","volume":"53","author":"Zaarour","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-022-01385-0","article-title":"Development of porous biodegradable sorbents for oil\/water separation: A critical review","volume":"30","author":"Fouladi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Porous Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaquera, A.L.M., Herrera, M.U., Manalo, R.D., Maguyon-Detras, M.C., Futalan, C.C.M., and Balela, M.D.L. (2023). Oil Adsorption Kinetics of Calcium Stearate-Coated Kapok Fibers. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15020452"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s40034-021-00211-7","article-title":"Development of Bio-degradable Cotton Waste based Super Oleophilic and Super Hydrophobic Sorbent for Oil Spill Clean-up","volume":"102","author":"Sathianarayanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inst. Eng. (India) Ser. E"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.08.118","article-title":"Fabrication of superhydrophobic cotton textiles for water\u2013oil separation based on drop-coating route","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2019.101166","article-title":"Superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic membranes A review of synthesis methods","volume":"98","author":"Zarghami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.122642","article-title":"Degradable nanofiber for eco-friendly air filtration: Progress and perspectives","volume":"306 Pt A","author":"Bian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge-Zhang, S., Cai, T., Yang, H., Ding, Y., and Song, M. (2022). Biology and nature: Bionic superhydrophobic surface and principle. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1033514"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.109599","article-title":"Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic membranes for oil-water separation application: A comprehensive review","volume":"204","author":"Rasouli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.12.016","article-title":"Superhydrophilic (superwetting) surfaces: A review on fabrication and application","volume":"47","author":"Otitoju","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113181","article-title":"High performance superabsorbent material based on biopolymers as a promising and sustainable framework for enhancing fresh water resources","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103340","article-title":"A hydrophobic\/oleophilic chitosan-based sorbent: Toward an effective oil spill remediation technology","volume":"7","author":"Bidgoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-024-09362-4","article-title":"Composite magnetic sorbents based on magnetic Fe3O4 coated by Zn and Al layered double hydroxide for U(VI) removal from aqueous media","volume":"333","author":"Ivanov","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balybina, V.A., Dran\u2019kov, A.N., Shichalin, O.O., Savel\u2019eva, N.Y., Kokorina, N.G., Kuular, Z.C., Ivanov, N.P., Krasitskaya, S.G., Ivanets, A.I., and Papynov, E.K. (2023). Mesoporous Layered Double Hydroxides: Synthesis for High Effective Uranium Ions Sorption from Seawater and Salt Solutions on Nanocomposite Functional Materials. J. Compos. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs7110458"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toteva, V., Staneva, D., and Grabchev, I. (2021). Pollutants Sorbent Made of Cotton Fabric Modified with Chitosan-Glutaraldehyde and Zinc Oxide Particles. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123242"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-022-02967-2","article-title":"Optical, electronic, and structural properties of different nanostructured ZnO morphologies","volume":"137","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Plus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murrieta-Rico, F.N., Yocupicio-Gaxiola, R.I., Ant\u00fanez-Garc\u00eda, J., Reyes-Serrato, A., S\u00e1nchez, P., and Petranovskii, V. (2023). Textile Functionalization Using LTA and FAU Zeolitic Materials. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15010099"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busila, M., Musat, V., Alexandru, P., Romanitan, C., Brincoveanu, O., Tucureanu, V., Mihalache, I., Iancu, A.-V., and Dediu, V. (2023). Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO\/Au and ZnO\/Ag Nanocomposites. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.1795.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2018.04.075","article-title":"An ultra-lightweight recyclable carbon aerogel from bleached softwood kraft pulp for efficient oil and organic absorption","volume":"214","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.02.034","article-title":"A review of bio-based materials for oil spill treatment","volume":"135","author":"Doshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5456","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b05785","article-title":"Covalent surface modification of cellulose-based textiles for oil-water separation applications","volume":"59","author":"Dan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baines, D., and Seal, R. (2012). 11\u2014Natural flavourings from biotechnology for foods and beverages. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Natural Food Additives, Ingredients and Flavourings, Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095725"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.2000.2031","article-title":"Ecotoxicology of Glutaraldehyde: Review of Environmental Fate and Effects Studies","volume":"49","author":"Leung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(1998). Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products\u2014Laboratory Determination of Density\u2014Hydrometer Method (Standard No. EN ISO 3675)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2023). Petroleum Products\u2014Transparent and Opaque Liquids\u2014Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity (Standard No. EN ISO 3104)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staneva, D., Atanasova, D., Angelova, D., Grozdanov, P., Nikolova, I., and Grabchev, I. (2023). Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan-Modified Cotton Fabric Treated with Aldehydes and Zinc Oxide Particles. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16145090"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Marc\u00ec, G., and Palmisano, L. (2019). (Photo)catalystcharacterization techniques: Adsorption isotherms and BET, SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis, photoluminescence, and electrochemical characterizations (Chapter 4). Heterogeneous Photocatalysis, Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2014-1117","article-title":"Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"87","author":"Thommes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Wilkes, H. (2020). Introduction to Oil Chemistry and Properties Related to Oil Spills. Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate. Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135811","article-title":"Sustainable non-woven sorbents based on jute post-industrial waste for cleaning of oil spills","volume":"386","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127586","article-title":"In situ oils\/organic solvents cleanup and recovery using advanced oil-water separation system","volume":"260","author":"Abidli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.06.132","article-title":"Modified oil palm leaves adsorbent with enhanced hydrophobicity for crude oil removal","volume":"203","author":"Sidik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.03.055","article-title":"Adsorption of crude oil from aqueous solution by hydrogel of chitosan based polyacrylamide prepared by radiation induced graft polymerization","volume":"190","author":"Sokker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2010.05.021","article-title":"Removal of emulsified oil from water by inverse fluidization of hydrophobic aerogels","volume":"203","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2020.03.024","article-title":"Oil spill sorption capacity of raw and thermally modified orange peel waste","volume":"59","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201507451","article-title":"Rapid and efficient separation of oil from oil-in-water emulsions using a Janus cotton fabric","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scenv.2024.100173","article-title":"Crude oil sorption performance of native and acetylated Siamese senna seed pods","volume":"8","author":"Obi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2020.04.017","article-title":"Improving the oil sorption capability of porous polyurethane composites by the incorporation of cellulose fibers extracted from water hyacinth","volume":"20","author":"Sittinun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.05.007","article-title":"Natural rubber\/reduced-graphene oxide composite materials: Morphological and oil adsorption properties for treatment of oil spills","volume":"20","author":"Songsaeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jics.2024.101179","article-title":"Efficient adsorbents for oil spill removal using a cellulose acetate-based natural fibers developed by zinc oxide bionanocomposites","volume":"101","author":"Alhassani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Indian Chem. Soc."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/5\/1146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:46:45Z","timestamp":1760028405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/5\/1146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18051146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18051146","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}}}