{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T19:41:30Z","timestamp":1777578090247,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) mixtures often face challenges in the fresh state, which are typically addressed using high Portland cement (PC) content or chemical admixtures, obstructing sustainability efforts in the construction industry. Therefore, this study employs advanced mixed design techniques, specifically particle packing models (PPMs), to proportion eco-efficient FRC mixtures with reduced cement content (&lt;300 kg\/m3) while achieving desirable fresh and hardened state properties. Twelve low-cement (LC) FRC mixtures, containing limestone filler (LF) as an inert material and a partial replacement for PC, were designed with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.64, incorporating two fiber types (polypropylene and steel) at varying contents (0.5% and 1.0% by volume) and lengths (38 mm and 50 mm). PPM-designed mixtures used two coefficients of distribution (q-factors: 0.21 and 0.26) and were evaluated for fresh (VeBe time, slump, and rheology) and hardened (compressive strength and flexural performance) state properties. Results show that PPM-designed FRC mixtures achieved up to 70% higher compressive strength and up to 64% greater flexural capacity compared to conventional mixes (i.e., American Concrete Institute\u2014ACI), despite using 20% less cement. Additionally, PPM mixtures exhibited higher VeBe times (up to 24 s) and yield stress, reflecting improved packing density, while demonstrating shear-thinning behavior for practical applications (i.e., pumped or vibrated concrete). Finally, the findings demonstrate that PPMs enable the development of eco-efficient, low-cement FRC mixtures with similar or improved hardened state performance and reduced environmental impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18061245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T16:39:03Z","timestamp":1741711143000},"page":"1245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Eco-Efficient Fiber-Reinforced Concrete: From Mix Design to Fresh and Hardened State Behavior"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Nabil","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7132-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayra T.","family":"de Grazia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8942-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio R. A.","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure\u2014\u00c9TS, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2449-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro F. M.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.06.017","article-title":"Sustainable development of Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC): Towards to an optimized concrete matrix and efficient fibre application","volume":"162","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. 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