{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:31:13Z","timestamp":1792017073985,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Awareness of environmental sustainability is driving the shift from conventional Portland cement, a major contributor to carbon dioxide emissions, to more sustainable alternatives. This study focuses on developing a geopolymer concrete by optimizing geopolymer concrete mixtures with various ratios of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and pulverized fly ash (PFA) as precursors, aiming to find a mix that maximizes strength while minimizing environmental impacts. The precursor was activated using a laboratory-synthesized silica fume (SF)-derived sodium silicate solution in combination with NaOH at a molarity of 10M. This study aims to find the optimal geopolymer concrete mix with a 0.55 water-to-binder ratio, a 0.40 alkali-to-precursor ratio, and a 1:1 sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio. Ordinary Portland cement was used as the control mix binder (C), while the geopolymer mixes included varying GGBS-PFA compositions [CL0 (50% GGBS\u201450% PFA), CL1 (60% GGBS\u201440% PFA), CL2 (70% GGBS\u201430% PFA), CL3 (80% GGBS\u201420% PFA), and CL4 (90% GGBS\u201410% PFA)]. The engineering performance of the mixtures was assessed using slump, unconfined compressive strength, split tensile, and flexural strength tests in accordance with their relevant standards. Observations showed that GPC specimens exhibited similar or slightly higher strength values than conventional concrete using PC. In addition to strength, geopolymers have a smaller environmental footprint, consuming less energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These qualities make geopolymer concrete a sustainable construction option that aligns with global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and conserve resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18061309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T04:29:28Z","timestamp":1742185768000},"page":"1309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Utilization of a PFA-GGBS-Based Precursor in Geopolymer Concrete Production as a Sustainable Substitute for Conventional Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5968-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Oti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6702-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blessing O.","family":"Adeleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lito R.","family":"Casabuena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3273-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Kinuthia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Sule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Portharcourt, Rivers State PMB 500272, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"MPA the Concrete Centre (2016). 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