{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:36:29Z","timestamp":1777077389316,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the dynamic performance of a road sign equipped with a multi-material electronic signboard subjected to mining-induced seismic tremors. The key innovative aspect lies in providing new insights into the dynamic performance of multi-material electronic signboards under high-energy mining tremors, enhancing their safety assessment in mining areas. Experimental modal analysis and finite element analysis were conducted, and the numerical model of the sign was calibrated by adjusting ground stiffness to align experimental and computational data. The fundamental natural frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes were identified as 2.75 Hz, 3.09 Hz, 8.46 Hz, and 13.50 Hz. Numerical results were validated using MAC methods, demonstrating strong agreement with experimental values and confirming the accuracy of the numerical predictions. Damping ratios of 3.79% and 3.71% for the first and second modes, respectively, were measured via hammer tests. To evaluate the sign\u2019s dynamic performance under high-energy mining-induced tremors, two events were applied as kinematic excitation of the structure. These tremors, recorded in different mining regions, exhibited significant variations in peak ground acceleration (PGA) and dominant frequency range. A key finding was that frequency matching between the dominant frequencies of the tremor and the natural frequencies of the sign had a greater impact on the sign\u2019s dynamic response than PGA. The Szombierki tremor, with dominant frequencies of 1.6\u20134.8 Hz, induced significantly higher stress and displacement compared to the Moskorzyn tremor (5\u201310 Hz) despite the latter having twice the PGA. These results highlight that a road sign structure can exhibit widely varying dynamic behaviors depending on the seismic characteristics of the mining zone. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of mining-induced tremors in relation to the seismicity of specific areas is crucial for understanding their potential impact on such structures. The dynamic performance assessment also revealed that the electronic multi-material signboard did not undergo plastic deformation, confirming it as a safe material solution for use in mining areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18071451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T08:42:35Z","timestamp":1742892155000},"page":"1451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamic Performance of a Steel Road Sign with Multi-Material Electronic Signboard Under Mining-Induced Tremors from Different Mining Areas: Experimental and Numerical Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4977-6574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Boro\u0144","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4140-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Maria","family":"Duli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111623","article-title":"Evaluating the environmental and economic impact of mining for post-mined land restoration and land-use: A review","volume":"279","author":"Worlanyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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