{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T01:10:20Z","timestamp":1783473020648,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Copper is widely used in both its metallic form and as oxide across numerous scientific and industrial domains. The primary copper oxides, cuprite (Cu2O) and tenorite (CuO), naturally form on the copper surface and play a crucial role in advanced technologies, such as solar cells, lithium batteries, and sensors. Tenorite is appreciated for its optical properties, stability, low toxicity, and reactivity. While copper oxide thin films are traditionally synthesized through thermal treatments and oxidation in alkaline environments, these conventional high-temperature methods not only require significant energy consumption but can also compromise the metal\u2013film interface. This study aims to develop a sustainable alternative approach for forming a homogeneous CuO layer on a copper substrate through environmentally friendly treatments based on low temperature, cost-effective, and time-saving procedures. Three different eco-conscious treatments were investigated: (i) immersion in NaOH basic solution, (ii) exposure to NaOH basic solution vapours, and (iii) a combined treatment involving both immersion and vapour exposure. This green synthesis approach significantly reduces energy consumption compared to traditional thermal methods while maintaining product quality. The surface oxide layer was investigated through an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectrocolorimetric analysis, peel-off test, \u00b5-Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis to investigate the surface oxidation state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18071487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T12:41:02Z","timestamp":1743079262000},"page":"1487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preparation of Copper Oxide Film at Low Temperature in Basic Conditions on a Copper Substrate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8694-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Irene","family":"Barbaccia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technological Innovation Engineering, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 39, 00186 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage (YOCOCU APS), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilde","family":"de Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council (ISMN-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Federici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council (ISMN-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2887-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Mezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council (ISMN-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, 9, 00010 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Sansone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0872-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2295-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Macchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage (YOCOCU APS), Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.104538","article-title":"Archaeometric analysis of patinas of the outdoor copper statue Sant\u2019Oronzo (Lecce, Italy) preparatory to the restoration","volume":"154","author":"Buccolieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"104230","article-title":"A multi analytical characterization of a small bronze figurine from Gran Carro site (Bolsena Lake, Italy)","volume":"51","author":"Porcaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage4040170","article-title":"Art Casting in Portuguese 19th Century Industrial Foundries: A Multi-Analytical Study of an Emblematic Copper-Based Alloy Monument","volume":"4","author":"Bordalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merkl, P., Long, S., McInerney, G.M., and Sotiriou, G.A. (2021). Antiviral Activity of Silver, Copper Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Coatings against SARS-CoV-2. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11051312"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2020.108369","article-title":"A comprehensive review of green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications","volume":"123","author":"Waris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b01092","article-title":"Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: An Expanding Horizon","volume":"5","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinhauer, S. (2021). Gas Sensors Based on Copper Oxide Nanomaterials: A Review. Chemosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9030051"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.09.118","article-title":"3D graphene\/copper oxide nano-flowers based acetylcholinesterase biosensor for sensitive detection of organophosphate pesticides","volume":"279","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.07.028","article-title":"Development of an electrochemical biosensor for the determination of triglycerides in serum samples based on a lipase\/magnetite-chitosan\/copper oxide nanoparticles\/multiwalled carbon nanotubes\/pectin composite","volume":"190","author":"Robledo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.101995","article-title":"Recent advancements of copper oxide based nanomaterials for supercapacitor applications","volume":"34","author":"Majumdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2018.08.027","article-title":"The synergistic effect of benzotriazole and trimethylsiloxysilicate towards corrosion protection of printed Cu-based electronics","volume":"143","author":"Geuli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.06.032","article-title":"Magnetic, structural and optical behavior of cupric oxide layers for solar cells","volume":"686","author":"Vikraman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.12.015","article-title":"Insight in layer-by-layer assembly of cysteamine and l-cysteine on the copper surface by electrochemistry and Raman spectroscopy","volume":"328","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.021","article-title":"Review of corrosive environments for copper and its corrosion inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Fateh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113663","article-title":"Application of advanced energy storage materials in direct solar desalination: A state of art review","volume":"186","author":"Jamil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ontiveros, M.A., Quintero, Y., Llanquilef, A., Morel, M., Mart\u00ednez, L.A., Garc\u00eda, A.G., and Garcia, A. (2019). Anti-Biofouling and Desalination Properties of Thin Film Composite Reverse Osmosis Membranes Modified with Copper and Iron Nanoparticles. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12132081"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-020-04875-x","article-title":"Nano and traditional copper and zinc antifouling coatings: Metal release and impact on marine sessile invertebrate communities","volume":"22","author":"RMiller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2016.06.030","article-title":"Copper(I) sulfide (Cu2S) nanoparticles from Cu(II) diethyldithiocarbamate: Synthesis, characterization and its application in ultrasound-assisted catalytic degradation of organic dye pollutants","volume":"83","author":"Farhadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2003.09.015","article-title":"The preparation of copper(II) oxide thin films and the study of their microstructures and optical properties","volume":"83","author":"Oral","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4332(03)00108-9","article-title":"Cuprite, paramelaconite and tenorite films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering","volume":"210","author":"Pierson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfrep.2015.07.001","article-title":"Atomistic details of oxide surfaces and surface oxidation: The example of copper and its oxides","volume":"70","author":"Gattinoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surf. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2009.07.072","article-title":"Fabrication of cuprous and cupric oxide thin films by heat treatment","volume":"255","author":"Jayatissa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.01.037","article-title":"Optical properties of sputter deposited nanocrystalline CuO thin films","volume":"673","author":"Prasanth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-015-0499-2","article-title":"Study of structural and optical properties of cupric oxide nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Dhineshbabu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10232","DOI":"10.1021\/jp303096m","article-title":"Vibrational Properties of CuO and Cu4O3 from First-Principles Calculations, and Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"116","author":"Debbichi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"81","article-title":"The Inter-play of the Opto-Electrical Properties of Cuprite and Tenorite Semiconductors for Solar Cell Application","volume":"5","author":"John","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Nano Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2007.10.004","article-title":"Characterization of copper oxide thin films deposited by the thermal evaporation of cuprous oxide (Cu2O)","volume":"82","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2006.03.015","article-title":"Growth of novel nanostructured copper oxide (CuO) films on copper foil","volume":"291","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2014.10.058","article-title":"Cuprous oxide thin films prepared by thermal oxidation of copper layer. Morphological and optical properties","volume":"159","author":"Karapetyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.04.173","article-title":"Improved thermal oxidation growth of non-flaking CuO nanorod arrays on Si substrate from Cu film and their nanoscale electrical properties for electronic devices","volume":"45","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075909","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab1662","article-title":"Thermal oxidation of copper over a broad temperature range: Towards the formation of cupric oxide (CuO)","volume":"6","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.09.003","article-title":"CuO nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, growth mechanisms, fundamental properties, and applications","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2020.166238","article-title":"Optical and microstructural characteristics of CuO thin films by sol gel process and introducing in non-enzymatic glucose biosensor applications","volume":"229","author":"Tostado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Tian, H., Huang, M., and Xu, X. (2023). Facile Synthesis of Ag NP Films via Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly and the BA-Sensing Properties. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12061285"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2017.09.005","article-title":"Green synthesis, morphological and optical studies of CuO nanoparticles","volume":"1150","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2018.12.005","article-title":"Thermal evolution of morphological, structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of CuO thin films","volume":"17","author":"Sahu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2013.11.023","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of CuO nanostructures on copper substrate as selective solar absorbers","volume":"143","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13613","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201807647","article-title":"Photocorrosion of Cuprous Oxide in Hydrogen Production: Rationalising Self-Oxidation or Self-Reduction","volume":"57","author":"Toe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127562","article-title":"Facile synthesis of Cu2O nanoparticles using pulsed laser ablation method for optoelectronic applications","volume":"630","author":"ElFaham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00904-7","article-title":"Fundamentals and comprehensive insights on pulsed laser synthesis of advanced materials for diverse photo- and electrocatalytic applications","volume":"11","author":"Theerthagiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124412","article-title":"Production of copper nanoparticles exhibiting various morphologies via pulsed laser ablation in different solvents and their catalytic activity for reduction of toxic nitroaromatic compounds","volume":"409","author":"Begildayeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letchumanan, D., Sok, S.P.M., Ibrahim, S., Nagoor, N.H., and Arshad, N.M. (2021). Arshad. Plant-Based Biosynthesis of Copper\/Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: An Update on Their Applications in Biomedicine, Mechanisms, and Toxicity. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040564"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1039\/C8GC03303J","article-title":"A review on the sustainable routes for the synthesis and applications of cuprous oxide nanoparticles and their nanocomposites","volume":"21","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.05.515","article-title":"Rapid green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and evaluation of its photocatalytic and electrochemical corrosion inhibition performance","volume":"47","author":"Surendhiran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065033","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab0dd2","article-title":"Ascorbic acid based controlled growth of various Cu and Cu2O nanostructures","volume":"6","author":"Vivas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.3009","article-title":"Temperature driven morphological changes of hydrothermally prepared copper oxide nanoparticles","volume":"41","author":"Neupane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miki\u0107, D., and \u0106urkovi\u0107, H.O. (2023). Protection of Patinated Bronze with Long-Chain Phosphonic Acid\/Organic Coating Combined System. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16041660"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.02.078","article-title":"Spontaneous growth of CuO nanoflakes and microflowers on copper in alkaline solutions","volume":"704","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3390\/cmd2040033","article-title":"The Oxidation of Copper in Air at Temperatures up to 100 \u00b0C","volume":"2","author":"Aromaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corros. Mater. Degrad."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shan, J., Shan, C.-H., Huang, C., Wu, Y.-P., Lia, Y.-K., and Chen, W.-J. (2023). Study of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Electrodeposited Cu on Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells. Metals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/met13071223"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2023.101086","article-title":"Peel tests for quantifying adhesion and toughness: A review","volume":"137","author":"Bartlett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.01.011","article-title":"Formation and characterization of infrared absorbing copper oxide surfaces","volume":"402","author":"Arslan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2018.10.007","article-title":"Optimization and modeling of simultaneous ultrasound-assisted adsorption of ternary dyes using copper oxide nanoparticles immobilized on activated carbon using response surface methodology and artificial neural network","volume":"51","author":"Ghaedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1039\/c000086h","article-title":"Porous cuprite films: Facile solution deposition and their application for nitrite sensing","volume":"135","author":"Ning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"De Caro, T., Angelini, E., and Sebar, L.E. (2025, February 22). Number 1, 234-240 ACTA IMEKO. Available online: www.imeko.org."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4037","article-title":"The characterization of Sn-based corrosion products in ancient bronzes: A Raman approach","volume":"43","author":"Ospitali","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2014.01.077","article-title":"Synthesis of a cuprite thin film by oxidation of a Cu metal precursor utilizing ultrasonically generated water vapor","volume":"556","author":"Htay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5218","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy characterization of 10-cash productions from the late Chinese emperors to the Republic","volume":"48","author":"Montoya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-015-1403-5","article-title":"Microstructure and supercapacitive properties of rf-sputtered copper oxide thin films: Influence of O2\/Ar ratio","volume":"21","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-017-0910-1","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of CuO thin films grown by chemical spray pyrolysis","volume":"49","author":"Moumen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-018-1666-6","article-title":"Thermal conversion of Cu4O3 into CuO and Cu2O and the electrical properties of magnetron sputtered Cu4O3 thin films","volume":"124","author":"Murali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-024-07464-0","article-title":"Thermal annealing effect on phase evolution, physical properties of DC sputtered copper oxide thin films and transport behavior of ITO\/CuO\/Al Schottky diodes","volume":"130","author":"Jagadish","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404194","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404194","article-title":"Surface Structure Reformulation from CuO to Cu\/Cu(OH)2 for Highly Efficient Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toader, G., Diacon, A., Rusen, E., Mangalagiu, I.I., Alexandru, M., Zoril\u0103, F.L., Mocanu, A., Boldeiu, A., Gavril\u0103, A.M., and Tric\u0103, B. (2023). Peelable Alginate Films Reinforced by Carbon Nanofibers Decorated with Antimicrobial Nanoparticles for Immediate Biological Decontamination of Surfaces. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13202775"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2014.04.015","article-title":"Magnetic properties of nanoscaled paramelaconite Cu4O3\u2212x (x = 0.0 and 0.5)","volume":"373","author":"Djurek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.07.061","article-title":"Cupric oxide (CuO) thin films prepared by reactive d.c. magnetron sputtering technique for photovoltaic application","volume":"724","author":"Dolai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2022.139555","article-title":"Fabrication of nanostructured CuO thin films with controllable optical band gaps using a mist spin spray technique at 90 \u00b0C","volume":"762","author":"Nitta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/7\/1487\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:02:32Z","timestamp":1760029352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/7\/1487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18071487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18071487","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]}}}