{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:51:40Z","timestamp":1791640300276,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUPB.RN.25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPB.RN.25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this paper was to obtain activated biocarbons from the natural biomass of horse chestnut seeds (Aesculus hippocastanum) by physical activation with two different activating agents, carbon dioxide and water vapor, and to evaluate their structural and adsorption properties. The effect of the pyrolysis atmosphere on the surface development and porosity as well as the structure and adsorption properties of the materials in relation to the selected organic adsorbates (tetracycline (TC), naproxen (NPX), and methyl orange (MO)), which may constitute a potential contamination of the aquatic environment, was evaluated. Activated biocarbons were characterized using N2 low-temperature adsorption\/desorption, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The nature of the surface (pHpzc and Boehm titration) was also studied. Micro\/mesoporous biocarbons were obtained with an SBET area in the range of ~534 to 646 m2\/g, in which micropores constituted ~70%. It was proved that the obtained materials are characterized by high adsorption values (~120 mg\/g, ~150 mg\/g, and ~252 mg\/g) and removal rates %R (~80%, ~95%, and ~75%) for TC, NPX, and MO, respectively. The results indicate that chestnut-derived activated biocarbons are a promising, cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for removing organic contaminants from aqueous solutions. Future research should focus on optimizing activation parameters and assessing the long-term performance of adsorbents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18071497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T03:35:28Z","timestamp":1743132928000},"page":"1497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Low-Cost Chestnut-Based Biocarbons Physically Activated via CO2 or Steam: Evaluation of the Structural and Adsorption Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8072-5586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Charmas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Wawrzaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2894-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Jedynak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka Str. 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Jawtoszuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2018.04.015","article-title":"Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Barley Straw by Physical Activation with Carbon Dioxide and Steam","volume":"115","author":"Arauzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.02.051","article-title":"Agricultural Bio-Waste Materials as Potential Sustainable Precursors Used for Activated Carbon Production: A Review","volume":"46","author":"Yahya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. 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