{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:54:12Z","timestamp":1793692452327,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advancements in tunable adhesion technologies have broadened the scope of applications for bio-inspired fibrillar adhesives. This review highlights the latest developments in controlled adhesion mechanisms, with a focus on bio-inspired fibrillar systems. We examine key theoretical foundations and progress in controllable adhesion, including contact mechanics, contact splitting efficiency, fracture mechanics, and the interplay between adhesion and friction. Various factors influencing adhesion strength are discussed alongside optimization approaches and innovative designs that enhance performance. The review also covers recent research on switchable adhesion strategies, with an emphasis on methods for regulating surface contact, stress distribution, and shear force control. Finally, we identify the primary challenges and future directions in the field, outlining areas that require further exploration and technological development. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current advancements and offer insights to guide future research in the evolving field of tunable adhesion technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18071620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T07:47:44Z","timestamp":1743580064000},"page":"1620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Controlled Dry Adhesion of Bio-Inspired Fibrillar Polymers: Mechanics, Strategies, and Recent Advances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8913-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6985-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anahita","family":"Emami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meysam","family":"Khaleghian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Technology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2021.100823","article-title":"Functional surface microstructures inspired by nature\u2014From adhesion and wetting principles to sustainable new devices","volume":"120","author":"Arzt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707035","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201707035","article-title":"Soft robotic grippers","volume":"30","author":"Shintake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6419","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3300572","article-title":"GRASP: Grocery robot\u2019s adhesion and suction picker","volume":"8","author":"Kaul","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2022.100850","article-title":"Orbital debris removal using micropatterned dry adhesives: Review and recent advances","volume":"134","author":"Hensel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100063","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100063","article-title":"Making Contact: A review of robotic attachment mechanisms for extraterrestrial applications","volume":"5","author":"Spenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2022.3175597","article-title":"Testing gecko-inspired adhesives with Astrobee aboard the international space station: Readying the technology for space","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mensching, N., Kr\u00fcger, M.L., Kvaratskheliya, A., Meyer, D., Tracht, K., Okulov, I., and M\u00e4dler, L. (2023). Dry-adhesive microstructures for material handling of additively manufactured and deep-rolled metal surfaces with reference to Mars. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.1169.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SM01996G","article-title":"Rapidly tunable and highly reversible bio-inspired dry adhesion for transfer printing in air and a vacuum","volume":"15","author":"Linghu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b09526","article-title":"Gecko-inspired dry adhesive based on micro-nanoscale hierarchical arrays for application in climbing devices","volume":"10","author":"Raut","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borijindakul, P., Ji, A., Dai, Z., Gorb, S., and Manoonpong, P. (2021). Mini review: Comparison of bio-inspired adhesive feet of climbing robots on smooth vertical surfaces. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.765718"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140675","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0675","article-title":"Human climbing with efficiently scaled gecko-inspired dry adhesives","volume":"12","author":"Hawkes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800865","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201800865","article-title":"Engineering micropatterned dry adhesives: From contact theory to handling applications","volume":"28","author":"Hensel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900193","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201900193","article-title":"Switchable adhesives for multifunctional interfaces","volume":"4","author":"Croll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2020.02.206","article-title":"Releasing principles for dry-adhesive handling of microobjects","volume":"91","author":"Meiners","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2023.102862","article-title":"Bio-inspired switchable soft adhesion for the boost of adhesive surfaces and robotics applications: A brief review","volume":"313","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, H., Li, J., Li, P., and Li, S. (2024). Gecko-inspired controllable adhesive: Structure, fabrication, and application. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9030149"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Xia, N., and Zhang, L. (2024). A review of bioinspired dry adhesives: From achieving strong adhesion to realizing switchable adhesion. Bioinspir. Biomim., 19.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ad62cf"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2012.691792","article-title":"Advances in the computational modeling of the gecko adhesion mechanism","volume":"28","author":"Sauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091839","article-title":"Gecko adhesion as a model system for integrative biology, interdisciplinary science, and bioinspired engineering","volume":"45","author":"Autumn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz032","article-title":"The integrative biology of gecko adhesion: Historical review, current understanding, and grand challenges","volume":"59","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/42.6.1081","article-title":"Mechanisms of adhesion in geckos","volume":"42","author":"Autumn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"301","article-title":"Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids","volume":"324","author":"Johnson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/8\/13\/005","article-title":"Thin-film peeling-the elastic term","volume":"8","author":"Kendall","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.10.1","article-title":"Contact splitting in dry adhesion and friction: Reducing the influence of roughness","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0322","article-title":"Pre-tension generates strongly reversible adhesion of a spatula pad on substrate","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140453","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0453","article-title":"Detachment of compliant films adhered to stiff substrates via Van Der Waals interactions: Role of frictional sliding during peeling","volume":"11","author":"Collino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4537","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SM00119J","article-title":"Inertial and stick-slip regimes of unstable adhesive tape peeling","volume":"12","author":"Dalbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160373","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0373","article-title":"Biomechanics of shear-sensitive adhesion in climbing animals: Peeling pre-tension and sliding-induced changes in interface strength","volume":"13","author":"Labonte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-020-04037-3","article-title":"Peeling in biological and bioinspired adhesive systems","volume":"72","author":"Skopici","year":"2020","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"305","article-title":"Effects of contact shape on the scaling of biological attachments","volume":"461","author":"Spolenak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labonte, D., and Federle, W. (2015). Scaling and biomechanics of surface attachment in climbing animals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 370.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0027"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-011-6394-0","article-title":"Geometry-controlled adhesion: Revisiting the contact splitting hypothesis","volume":"103","author":"Varenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7851","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400757101","article-title":"Shape insensitive optimal adhesion of nanoscale fibrillar structures","volume":"101","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02323","article-title":"Why are so many adhesive pads hairy?","volume":"209","author":"Federle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/42.6.1140","article-title":"Mechanics of adhesion through a fibrillar microstructure","volume":"42","author":"Jagota","year":"2002","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/00218460490430199","article-title":"When less is more: Experimental evidence for tenacity enhancement by division of contact area","volume":"80","author":"Peressadko","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0070","article-title":"Can a fibrillar interface be stronger and tougher than a non-fibrillar one?","volume":"2","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201102021","article-title":"Sticky bio-inspired micropillars: Finding the best shape","volume":"8","author":"Carbone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Jiang, Q., Weng, Z., Yuan, Q., and Wang, Z. (2022). Effects of flexural rigidity on soft actuators via adhering to large cylinders. Actuators, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/act11100286"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230502","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0073181","article-title":"Perspective on statistical effects in the adhesion of micropatterned surfaces","volume":"119","author":"Booth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2022.105121","article-title":"Revisiting the contact splitting hypothesis: An effective route for enhancing adhesion on rough surface","volume":"170","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2004.0004","article-title":"Design of biomimetic fibrillar interfaces: 1, Making contact","volume":"1","author":"Glassmaker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2013.768946","article-title":"A new model for predicting fiber clumping phenomenon in bio-inspired dry adhesives","volume":"90","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2019.1699795","article-title":"Investigation of the peeling and pull-off behavior of adhesive elastic fibers via a novel computational beam interaction model","volume":"97","author":"Grill","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140065","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2014.0065","article-title":"Spatial model of the gecko foot hair: Functional significance of highly specialized non-uniform geometry","volume":"5","author":"Filippov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1163\/156856106778666408","article-title":"Adhesion analysis of two-level hierarchical morphology in natural attachment systems for \u2018smart adhesion\u2019","volume":"20","author":"Bhushan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2006.11.008","article-title":"Effect of stiffness of multilevel hierarchical attachment system on adhesion enhancement","volume":"107","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2022.101663","article-title":"A self-adhesion criterion for slanted micropillars","volume":"52","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn2728","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn2728","article-title":"Local lateral contact governs shear traction of micropatterned surfaces on hydrogel substrates","volume":"25","author":"Calahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaenm.3c00466","article-title":"Density of micropillar array influences shear traction of individual pillars on soft substrates","volume":"2","author":"Calahan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201104191","article-title":"Looking beyond fibrillar features to scale gecko-like adhesion","volume":"24","author":"Bartlett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13232","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b03301","article-title":"Tuning the friction characteristics of gecko-inspired polydimethylsiloxane micropillar arrays by embedding Fe3O4 and SiO2 particles","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"077001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/ab1dca","article-title":"Crosslinker and catalyst as silicone elastomer bonding enhancers: Applications to fabrication of hybrid electrostatic\/gecko-like adhesives","volume":"29","author":"Simaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8654","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b19895","article-title":"Evaluation of material properties for practical microstructured adhesives: Low dust adhesion and high shear strength","volume":"11","author":"Alizadehyazdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simaite, A., and Spenko, M. (2019). Evaluation of silicone elastomers as structural materials for microstructured adhesives. Bioinspir. Biomim., 14.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ab20e6"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.24427","article-title":"High strength reversible adhesive closures","volume":"55","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161905","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2801371","article-title":"Effect of backing layer thickness on adhesion of single-level elastomer fiber arrays","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.1021\/am400839n","article-title":"Dry self-cleaning properties of hard and soft fibrillar structures","volume":"5","author":"Gillies","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2014.11.004","article-title":"Detachment of an adhered micropillar from a dissimilar substrate","volume":"75","author":"Khaderi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2017.1381603","article-title":"Adhesion of a rigid punch to a confined elastic layer revisited","volume":"95","author":"Hensel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101010","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4051522","article-title":"The detachment of an inclined micro-pillar adhered to a dissimilar substrate","volume":"88","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000676","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202000676","article-title":"Active membranes on rigidity tunable foundations for programmable, rapidly switchable adhesion","volume":"5","author":"Swift","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SM00089F","article-title":"Mechanics of adhesives under annular confinement: Internal pressure, force, and interfacial area","volume":"17","author":"Wahdat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taml.2021.100308","article-title":"Switchable dry adhesive based on shape memory polymer with hemispherical indenters for transfer printing","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechrescom.2022.103963","article-title":"A finite element framework for the simulation of bio-inspired adhesives with mushroom-shaped microstructures","volume":"125","author":"Marulli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.09.311","article-title":"Application of machine learning to object manipulation with bio-inspired microstructures","volume":"27","author":"Samri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudersan, P., and Kappl, M. (2023). Mechanisms of detachment in fibrillar adhesive systems. J. Theor. Biol., 557.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2022.111315"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skondras-Giousios, D., Karkalos, N.E., and Markopoulos, A.P. (2020). Finite element simulation of friction and adhesion attributed contact of bio-inspired gecko-mimetic PDMS micro-flaps with SiO2 spherical surface. Bioinspir. Biomim., 15.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ab983e"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190239","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2019.0239","article-title":"Statistical properties of defect-dependent detachment strength in bioinspired dry adhesives","volume":"16","author":"Booth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19422","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c00978","article-title":"Preventing catastrophic failure of microfibrillar adhesives in compliant systems based on statistical analysis of adhesive strength","volume":"13","author":"Hensel","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-023-01577-2","article-title":"Metamaterial adhesives for programmable adhesion through reverse crack propagation","volume":"22","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2022.105053","article-title":"Kirigami-inspired adhesion with high directional asymmetry","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071011","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4062141","article-title":"A cohesive-zone-based contact mechanics analysis of delamination in homogeneous and layered half-spaces subjected to normal and shear surface tractions","volume":"90","author":"Cen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.113872","article-title":"A coupled dynamic cohesive zone model for FRP-concrete mixed-mode separation","volume":"268","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02486","article-title":"Frictional adhesion: A new angle on gecko attachment","volume":"209","author":"Autumn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Federle, W., and Labonte, D. (2019). Dynamic biological adhesion: Mechanisms for controlling attachment during locomotion. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 374.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0199"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"253","article-title":"Adhesion, friction, and compliance of bio-mimetic and bio-inspired structured interfaces","volume":"72","author":"Jagota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1021\/la702126k","article-title":"Adhesion and friction force coupling of gecko setal arrays: Implications for structured adhesive surfaces","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0720","article-title":"Orientation angle and the adhesion of single gecko setae","volume":"8","author":"Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031806","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.82.031806","article-title":"Effect of surface pattern on the adhesive friction of elastomers","volume":"82","author":"Bot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2007.09.001","article-title":"Multiscale friction mechanisms and hierarchical surfaces in nano- and bio-tribology","volume":"58","author":"Nosonovsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7486","DOI":"10.1021\/la900877h","article-title":"Frictional adhesion of patterned surfaces and implications for gecko and biomimetic systems","volume":"25","author":"Zeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2018.1479258","article-title":"Continuum contact models for coupled adhesion and friction","volume":"95","author":"Mergel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eason, E.V., Hawkes, E.W., Windheim, M., Christensen, D.L., Libby, T., and Cutkosky, M.R. (2015). Stress distribution and contact area measurements of a gecko toe using a high-resolution tactile sensor. Bioinspir. Biomim., 10.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/1\/016013"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2020.1719838","article-title":"Investigating the normal and tangential peeling behaviour of gecko spatulae using a coupled adhesion-friction model","volume":"97","author":"Gouravaraju","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2020.1746652","article-title":"On the presence of a critical detachment angle in gecko spatula peeling\u2014A numerical investigation using an adhesive friction model","volume":"97","author":"Gouravaraju","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2020.104194","article-title":"Contact with coupled adhesion and friction: Computational framework, applications, and new insights","volume":"146","author":"Mergel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706434115","article-title":"Evolution of real contact area under shear and the value of static friction of soft materials","volume":"115","author":"Sahli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2019.06.010","article-title":"Modeling adhesive contacts under mixed-mode loading","volume":"130","author":"Irani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031016","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4045794","article-title":"The interaction of frictional slip and adhesion for a stiff sphere on a compliant substrate","volume":"87","author":"McMeeking","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2017.11.022","article-title":"Do uniform tangential interfacial stresses enhance adhesion?","volume":"112","author":"Menga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2020.104056","article-title":"Finite deformations govern the anisotropic shear-induced area reduction of soft elastic materials","volume":"143","author":"Lengiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2018.10.011","article-title":"On mixed-mode fracture mechanics models for contact area reduction under shear load in soft materials","volume":"124","author":"Papangelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.122.214301","article-title":"Shear-induced anisotropy in rough elastomer contact","volume":"122","author":"Sahli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2020.104094","article-title":"Sphere and cylinder contact mechanics during slip","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900283","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201900283","article-title":"Analysis and measurement of adhesive behavior for gecko-inspired synthetic microwedge structure","volume":"6","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180551","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0551","article-title":"Understanding the influence of silicone elastomer properties on wedge-shaped microstructured dry adhesives loaded in shear","volume":"15","author":"Simaite","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180206","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0206","article-title":"Design principles of hair-like structures as biological machines","volume":"15","author":"Seale","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031017","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4049392","article-title":"Suction-controlled detachment of mushroom-shaped adhesive structures","volume":"88","author":"Areyano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2021.104740","article-title":"Exploiting interface patterning for adhesion control","volume":"160","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Li, D., and Zhang, W. (November, January 29). Modeling of Rate Effects in Detachment of Mushroom-Shaped Adhesive Structures. Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition 2023, New Orleans, LA, USA. IMECE2023-112383.","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2023-112383"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2023.102092","article-title":"On shear adhesion of adhesive fibrils","volume":"64","author":"Linghu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taml.2024.100512","article-title":"Theoretical optimization of micropillar arrays for structurally stable bioinspired dry adhesives","volume":"14","author":"Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"20150085","article-title":"Mechanical analyses on the digital behaviour of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) based on a multi-level directional adhesion model","volume":"471","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2023.101086","article-title":"Peel tests for quantifying adhesion and toughness: A review","volume":"137","author":"Bartlett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1049\/bsb2.12003","article-title":"On\/off switching of adhesion in gecko-inspired adhesives","volume":"7","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosurf. Biotribol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031015","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4049183","article-title":"A design strategy for mushroom-shaped microfibrils with optimized dry adhesion: Experiments and finite element analyses","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm01482f","article-title":"Origin of the superior adhesive performance of mushroom-shaped microstructured surfaces","volume":"7","author":"Carbone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.5.74","article-title":"The optimal shape of elastomer mushroom-like fibers for high and robust adhesion","volume":"5","author":"Aksak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2016.02.018","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the edge stress singularity and the adhesion strength for compliant mushroom fibrils adhered to rigid substrates","volume":"85\u201386","author":"Balijepalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2016.04.008","article-title":"Load sharing in bioinspired fibrillar adhesives with backing layer interactions and interfacial misalignment","volume":"96","author":"Bacca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800272","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201800272","article-title":"Benefit of backing-layer compliance in fibrillar adhesive patches\u2014Resistance to peel propagation in the presence of interfacial misalignment","volume":"5","author":"Booth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2021.103914","article-title":"The role of interfacial curvature in controlling the detachment strength of bioinspired fibrillar adhesives","volume":"160","author":"Khungura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8482","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3107603","article-title":"Load sharing design of a multi-legged adaptable gripper with gecko-inspired controllable adhesion","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121007","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4052107","article-title":"Theoretical limits in detachment strength for axisymmetric bi-material adhesives","volume":"88","author":"Benvidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031009","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4049182","article-title":"Effect of subsurface microstructures on adhesion of highly confined elastic films","volume":"88","author":"Samri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2022.01.018","article-title":"Predicting the adhesion strength of micropatterned surfaces using supervised machine learning","volume":"53","author":"Samri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2022.105175","article-title":"The influence of substrate stiffness on interfacial stresses for adhesive microfibrils","volume":"172","author":"Tarpey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz029","article-title":"A physical model approach to gecko adhesion opportunity and constraint: How rough could it be?","volume":"59","author":"Niewiarowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2007.82","article-title":"Biological adhesion for locomotion on rough surfaces: Basic principles and a theorist\u2019s view","volume":"32","author":"Persson","year":"2007","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140021","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0021","article-title":"Simulation of synthetic gecko arrays shearing on rough surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Gillies","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovalev, A., Filippov, A.E., and Gorb, S.N. (2018). Critical roughness in animal hairy adhesive pads: A numerical modeling approach. Bioinspir. Biomim., 13.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aadd66"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2016.1197876","article-title":"Mechanics of bio-inspired attachment systems contacting with rough surface: Effect of spring orientation angle on hierarchical spring model","volume":"30","author":"Ozer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b11642","article-title":"Composite pillars with a tunable interface for adhesion to rough substrates","volume":"9","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepelyshev, A., Borodich, F.M., Galanov, B.A., Gorb, E.V., and Gorb, S.N. (2018). Adhesion of soft materials to rough surfaces: Experimental studies, statistical analysis and modelling. Coatings, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings8100350"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brely, L., Bosia, F., and Pugno, N.M. (2018). The influence of substrate roughness, patterning, curvature, and compliance in peeling problems. Bioinspir. Biomim., 13.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aaa0e5"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz013","article-title":"The ecomechanics of gecko adhesion: Natural surface topography, evolution, and biomimetics","volume":"59","author":"Higham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"20200477","article-title":"How surface stress transforms surface profiles and adhesion of rough elastic bodies","volume":"476","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klittich, M.R., Wilson, M.C., Bernard, C., Rodrigo, R.M., Keith, A.J., Niewiarowski, P.H., and Dhinojwala, A. (2017). Influence of substrate modulus on gecko adhesion. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43647"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6090","article-title":"Nonlinear variation in clinging performance with surface roughness in geckos","volume":"10","author":"Pillai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201674","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202201674","article-title":"Gecko adhesion on flat and rough surfaces: Simulations with a multi-scale molecular model","volume":"18","author":"Materzok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niewiarowski1, P.H., Lopez, S., Ge, L., Hagan, E., and Dhinojwala, A. (2008). Sticky gecko feet: The role of temperature and humidity. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002192"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315402","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aa7a97","article-title":"Coupled effects of the temperature and the relative humidity on gecko adhesion","volume":"50","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, C.T., Dayan, C.B., Drotlef, D.-M., Sitti, M., and Stark, A.Y. (2020). The effect of substrate wettability and modulus on gecko and gecko-inspired synthetic adhesion in variable temperature and humidity. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76484-6"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz008","article-title":"Stick or slip: Adhesive performance of geckos and gecko-inspired synthetics in wet environments","volume":"59","author":"Stark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz006","article-title":"Evolution of the gekkotan adhesive system: Does digit anatomy point to one or more origins?","volume":"59","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.12.57","article-title":"Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: A review","volume":"12","author":"Gorb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SM01232K","article-title":"Gecko adhesion: A molecular-simulation perspective on the effect of humidity","volume":"18","author":"Materzok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2463","article-title":"The effect of variable temperature, humidity, and substrate wettability on Gecko (Gekko gecko) locomotor performance and behavior","volume":"335","author":"Ringenwald","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palecek, A.M., Garner, A.M., Klittich, M.R., Stark, A.Y., Scherger, J.D., Bernard, C., Niewiarowski, P.H., and Dhinojwala, A. (2022). An investigation of gecko attachment on wet and rough substrates leads to the application of surface roughness power spectral density analysis. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15698-2"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2022.111997","article-title":"Rate-dependent adhesion in dynamic contact of spherical-tip fibrillar structures","volume":"259","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2022.111753","article-title":"Combined effects of viscoelasticity and surface roughness on the adhesion behavior of a flat-end cylindrical microstructure","volume":"251","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2022.105130","article-title":"Rate effects in detachment of a spherical probe from fibrillar adhesive surfaces","volume":"171","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2020.02.011","article-title":"Pull-off force modeling and experimental study of PDMS stamp considering preload in micro transfer printing","volume":"193\u2013194","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2023.105519","article-title":"Pull-off dynamics of mushroom-shaped adhesive structures","volume":"183","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031004","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4047859","article-title":"Optimal load sharing in bioinspired fibrillar adhesives: Asymptotic solution","volume":"88","author":"Khungura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4062842","article-title":"Multimaterial topology optimization of adhesive backing layers via J-integral and strain energy minimizations","volume":"90","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2022.10.057","article-title":"Model-based prediction of the detachment of microspheres from dry adhesive gripper surfaces by bending","volume":"115","author":"Meiners","year":"2022","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.106545","article-title":"Predicting adhesion strength of micropatterned surfaces using gradient boosting models and explainable artificial intelligence visualizations","volume":"36","author":"Ekanayake","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59478","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c17663","article-title":"Divisions in a fibrillar adhesive increase the adhesive strength","volume":"13","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2021.104610","article-title":"Achieving enhanced adhesion through optimal stress distributions","volume":"156","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2019.07.007","article-title":"Gecko-inspired composite micro-pillars with both robust adhesion and enhanced dry self-cleaning property","volume":"30","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103826","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202103826","article-title":"3D printing of elastomeric bioinspired complex adhesive microstructures","volume":"33","author":"Dayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000497","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000497","article-title":"Liquid-superrepellent bioinspired fibrillar adhesives","volume":"32","author":"Liimatainen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303116","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202303116","article-title":"Bioinspired microstructured adhesives with facile and fast switchability for part manipulation in dry and wet conditions","volume":"33","author":"Pang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180705","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0705","article-title":"Spatially variant microstructured adhesive with one-way friction","volume":"16","author":"Suresh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mne.2020.100052","article-title":"Controllable dry adhesion based on two-photon polymerization and replication molding for space debris removal","volume":"7","author":"Busche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Micro Nano Eng."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badler, D., and Kasem, H. (2020). Synergetic effect of the simultaneous use of different biomimetic adhesive micro-structures on tribological performances. Biotribology, 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotri.2020.100124"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2023.108609","article-title":"Experimental study of adhesion, friction, and peeling of biomimetic combined micro-mushroom and micro-spatulae textures","volume":"186","author":"Badler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-022-0675-9","article-title":"Attachment ability of combined biomimetic adhesive micro-textures of different shapes","volume":"11","author":"Badler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Friction"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geikowsky, E., and Aksak, B. (2020). Bioinspired fibrillar adhesives with shape-controlled off-center caps for switchable and directional adhesion. Bioinspir. Biomim., 15.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ab98dd"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-019-00112-6","article-title":"Enhanced directional adhesion behavior of mushroom-shaped microline arrays","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Green Technol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz009","article-title":"Bio-inspired composite microfibers for strong and reversible adhesion on smooth surfaces","volume":"59","author":"Drotlef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005493","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202005493","article-title":"Adhesion enhancement of micropillar array by combining the adhesive design from gecko and tree frog","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Tan, D., Liu, Q., Meng, F., Zhu, B., and Xue, L. (2021). Tree frog-inspired nanopillar arrays for enhancement of adhesion and friction. Biointerphases, 16.","DOI":"10.1116\/6.0000747"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Meng, F., Tan, D., Shi, Z., Zhu, B., Xiao, K., and Xue, L. (2022). Gradient micropillar array inspired by tree frog for robust adhesion on dry and wet surfaces. Biomimetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7040209"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221263","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.221263","article-title":"Stiff skin, soft core: Soft backings enhance the conformability and friction of fibre-reinforced adhesives","volume":"10","author":"Glaser","year":"2023","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2023.101969","article-title":"Geometric optimization of pillars for enhanced adhesion","volume":"59","author":"Pande","year":"2023","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2022.101695","article-title":"Machine learning-based optimization of the design of composite pillars for dry adhesives","volume":"54","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8890","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.2c01002","article-title":"Gecko-inspired adhesives with asymmetrically tilting-oriented micropillars","volume":"38","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102867","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202102867","article-title":"Machine learning-based and experimentally validated optimal adhesive fibril designs","volume":"17","author":"Son","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24458","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c04123","article-title":"Designing an adhesive pillar shape with deep learning-based optimization","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2023.104778","article-title":"Designing directional adhesive pillars using deep learning-based optimization, 3D printing, and testing","volume":"185","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304437","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202304437","article-title":"Machine learning-based shear optimal adhesive microstructures with experimental validation","volume":"20","author":"Dayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400972","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400972","article-title":"In-plane combination of micropillars with distinct aspect ratios to resist overload-induced adhesion failure","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-021-0522-4","article-title":"Robust scalable reversible strong adhesion by gecko-inspired composite design","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Friction"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Wang, Z., Wang, B., Yuan, Q., Weng, Z., and Dai, Z. (2023). Reversible adhesive bio-toe with hierarchical structure inspired by gecko. Biomimetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8010040"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201232","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202201232","article-title":"Tuning the release force of microfibrillar adhesives by geometric design","volume":"9","author":"Barnefske","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2018.09.003","article-title":"Switchable double-sided micropatterned adhesives for selective fixation and detachment","volume":"123","author":"Tinnemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27717","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c05367","article-title":"Switchable adhesion via subsurface pressure modulation","volume":"12","author":"Nasab","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209905","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202209905","article-title":"Tunable dry adhesion of soft hollow pillars through sidewall buckling under low pressure","volume":"33","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi9773","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abi9773","article-title":"From grasping to manipulation with gecko-inspired adhesives on a multifinger gripper","volume":"6","author":"Ruotolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305091","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202305091","article-title":"Preload-induced switchable adhesion","volume":"20","author":"Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2024.112736","article-title":"Pneumatically tunable adherence of elastomeric soft hollow pillars with non-circular contacts","volume":"294","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadd4768","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add4768","article-title":"A bioinspired snap-through metastructure for manipulating micro-objects","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130171","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0171","article-title":"Preload-responsive adhesion: Effects of aspect ratio, tip shape and alignment","volume":"10","author":"Paretkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107748","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202107748","article-title":"Smart adhesives via magnetic actuation","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200012","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202200012","article-title":"Surface adaptable and adhesion controllable dry adhesive with shape memory polymer","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904248","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201904248","article-title":"Switchable adhesion of micropillar adhesive on rough surfaces","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39745","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c08686","article-title":"Switchable adhesion for nonflat surfaces mimicking geckos\u2019 adhesive structures and toe muscles","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9443","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c16282","article-title":"Switchable adhesive based on shape memory polymer with micropillars of different heights for laser-driven noncontact transfer printing","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8984","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR00154A","article-title":"Gecko toe pads inspired in situ switchable superhydrophobic shape memory adhesive film","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadf4051","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf4051","article-title":"Sensing-triggered stiffness-tunable smart adhesives","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. adv."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, C., Jeong, S., Lee, S., Ferreira, P.M., and Kim, S. (2023). Tunable adhesion of shape memory polymer dry adhesive soft robotic gripper via stiffness control. Robotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics12020059"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19320","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608841103","article-title":"Adhesion and friction in gecko toe attachment and detachment","volume":"103","author":"Tian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020902","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4042457","article-title":"Design, modeling, and experimentation of a bio-inspired miniature climbing robot with bilayer dry adhesives","volume":"11","author":"Dharmawan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Robot."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-022-0691-9","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of flexible 3D surface electrodes for electrostatic adhesion control and smart robotic gripping","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Friction"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112673","article-title":"Soft robotic fabric gripper with gecko adhesion and variable stiffness","volume":"323","author":"Hoang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115037","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab46fc","article-title":"A microstructured adhesive gripper with piezoelectric controlled adhesion, cleaning, and sensing","volume":"28","author":"Alizadehyazdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.3003773","article-title":"An electrostatic\/gecko-inspired adhesives soft robotic gripper","volume":"5","author":"Alizadehyazdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150900","article-title":"Switchable adhesion of gecko-inspired hierarchically wedge-mushroom-shaped surface","volume":"488","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-021-00368-x","article-title":"Soft directional adhesion gripper fabricated by 3D printing process for gripping flexible printed circuit boards","volume":"9","author":"Gwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Green Technol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/7\/1620\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:08:40Z","timestamp":1760029720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/7\/1620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18071620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18071620","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]}}}