{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:54:14Z","timestamp":1787028854768,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation General Fund","award":["2024M761809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M761809"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation General Fund","award":["BX20240209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX20240209"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Innovation Talent Support Program","award":["2024M761809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M761809"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Innovation Talent Support Program","award":["BX20240209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX20240209"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to study the diffusion and sealing mechanism of an innovative grouted material tentatively called \u201cexpandable particulate grout material\u201d, the diffusion process was simulated by the numerical method of CFD-DEM coupling. A numerical model was established for a grouting process in an individual fracture based on the basic physical parameters of expandable particles. The numerical model of the expandable particulate slurry flow was established. The interaction between particles and water in different conditions, such as different grouting times, different volume fractions of the particle, and different velocities, was investigated. The differences in the diffusion process and in the running-water sealing mechanism of expandable particles, cement slurry, and cement-sodium silicate slurry in the crack (in a, in b, and in c) were analyzed. The influence of expandable particles on the streamline of the grout and the drag force in the interaction process under the fracture were analyzed. This is summarized The influence of the velocity ratio of grout to water on different physical quantities, such as diffusion opening degree, diffusion velocity, and diffusion distance, was summarized. It is of significant theoretical and practical value to further develop and improve the grouting technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18071681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T20:43:17Z","timestamp":1745440997000},"page":"1681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diffusion Mechanism in Running-Water and CFD-DEM Numerical Simulation of Expandable Particulate Grouting Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9485-0097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1795-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rentai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Urban Construction Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-017-1039-y","article-title":"Prediction of curtain grouting efficiency based on ANFIS","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. 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