{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:08:54Z","timestamp":1760058534055,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry for Science and Technology","award":["MAT2002-01831","BIA2005-08965","BIA2008-06810","BIA2011-27870","SA067A05","SA111A07","SA039A08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2002-01831","BIA2005-08965","BIA2008-06810","BIA2011-27870","SA067A05","SA111A07","SA039A08"]}]},{"name":"Ministry for Education and Science","award":["MAT2002-01831","BIA2005-08965","BIA2008-06810","BIA2011-27870","SA067A05","SA111A07","SA039A08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2002-01831","BIA2005-08965","BIA2008-06810","BIA2011-27870","SA067A05","SA111A07","SA039A08"]}]},{"name":"Ministry for Science and Innovation","award":["MAT2002-01831","BIA2005-08965","BIA2008-06810","BIA2011-27870","SA067A05","SA111A07","SA039A08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2002-01831","BIA2005-08965","BIA2008-06810","BIA2011-27870","SA067A05","SA111A07","SA039A08"]}]},{"name":"Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness","award":["MAT2002-01831","BIA2005-08965","BIA2008-06810","BIA2011-27870","SA067A05","SA111A07","SA039A08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2002-01831","BIA2005-08965","BIA2008-06810","BIA2011-27870","SA067A05","SA111A07","SA039A08"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["MAT2002-01831","BIA2005-08965","BIA2008-06810","BIA2011-27870","SA067A05","SA111A07","SA039A08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2002-01831","BIA2005-08965","BIA2008-06810","BIA2011-27870","SA067A05","SA111A07","SA039A08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on the study of the tensile fracture behaviour of prismatic notched specimens of cold drawn pearlitic steel, providing a macro- and micro-approach. Two types of notched samples with very different notch radius (sharp and blunt notches, PAA and PCC) and the same notch depth were studied, thereby allowing a study of the fracture behaviour under different levels of stress triaxiality (constraint) in the experimental specimen. The studied samples are machined from pearlitic steel wires taken from a real cold drawing chain, analysing the entire drawing process, from the initial base material (hot rolled bar; not cold drawn at all) to the final commercial product (prestressing steel wires; heavily cold drawn), including two intermediate stages in the manufacture chain. The aforesaid specimens were subjected to tensile fracture tests and analysed at macroscopic and microscopical level using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), thereby obtaining micrographs of the different areas appearing in the specimens under study and assembling full micro-fracture maps (MFMs) of the fractured area. The aim of the research is to analyse the macro- and microscopic changes produced by the variation in stress triaxiality state (constraint), along with the different fracture processes. The first relevant finding is the increase in fracture path deflection for higher drawing degrees, and for greater triaxiality levels associated with sharp notches. Another finding is the variation in area of the different fracture zones, i.e., outer crown (OC), fracture process zone (FPZ) and intermediate zone (ZINT), which are characterised by their specific micro-mechanisms, micro-void coalescence (MVC), cleavage (C) and special (large) micro-void coalescence (MVC*). The higher the stress triaxiality level, the larger the area occupied by the ZINT in the fracture process. The fracture behaviour tends to unify along with the degree of drawing, with less dependence on the state of triaxiality imposed on heavily drawn wires. Results have been obtained in which the increase in triaxiality, imposed by the smaller radius of curvature of the notch (sharp notch), as well as the greater degree of drawing of the wires, cause the fracture process to place the FPZ at the notch tip. It is demonstrated that the variation in stress triaxiality and the drawing degree can generate different locations of the fracture initiation zone (FPZ).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18081690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1744110302000},"page":"1690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tensile Fracture Behaviour of Prismatic Notched Specimens of Cold Drawn Pearlitic Steel: A Macro- and Micro-Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0144-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Toribio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fracture and Structural Integrity Research Group (FSIRG), University of Salamanca (USAL), E.P.S., Campus Viriato, Avda. Requejo 33, 49022 Zamora, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7687-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco-Javier","family":"Ayaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fracture and Structural Integrity Research Group (FSIRG), University of Salamanca (USAL), E.P.S., Campus Viriato, Avda. Requejo 33, 49022 Zamora, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5499-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fracture and Structural Integrity Research Group (FSIRG), University of Salamanca (USAL), E.P.S., Campus Viriato, Avda. Requejo 33, 49022 Zamora, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1361\/105994900770345917","article-title":"Composite microstructure of cold-drawn pearlitic steel and its role in stress corrosion behavior","volume":"9","author":"Toribio","year":"2000","journal-title":"ASM J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6160(66)90296-3","article-title":"The structure and properties of drawn pearlite","volume":"14","author":"Embury","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Metall."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02661567","article-title":"Deformation of pearlite","volume":"8","author":"Langford","year":"1977","journal-title":"Metall. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02644694","article-title":"A review of the data on the interlamellar spacing of pearlite","volume":"15","author":"Ridley","year":"1984","journal-title":"Metall. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02643953","article-title":"Effects of the prior austenite grain size on the ductility of fully pearlitic eutectoid steel","volume":"17","author":"Lewandowski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Metall. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(95)09826-7","article-title":"Void initiation and microstructural changes during wire drawing of pearlitic steels","volume":"203","author":"Nam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0800(79)90039-9","article-title":"The influence of thickness and rolling ratio on the inclusion behaviour in plate steels","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metallography"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(02)00364-7","article-title":"Anisotropic fracture behaviour of cold drawn steel: A materials science approach","volume":"343","author":"Toribio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2010.02.003","article-title":"Fatigue and fracture paths in cold drawn pearlitic steel","volume":"77","author":"Toribio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"160","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of mixed mode I+ II and I+ III fatigue crack growth in S355J0 steel","volume":"113","author":"Rozumek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106121","article-title":"Fracture surface topography investigation and fatigue life assessment of notched austenitic steel specimens","volume":"135","author":"Macek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.114970","article-title":"On the fracture toughness testing for single-edge notched bend specimen of orthotropic materials","volume":"281","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.08.137","article-title":"Environmentally assisted fracture behavior of edge and corner notched spring steel","volume":"49","author":"Manjula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.02.041","article-title":"Tensile fracture in notched polycrystalline graphite specimens","volume":"48","author":"Ayatollahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2021.111363","article-title":"Effect of notch depth ratio on mode I and mixed mode I-II fracture properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECC)","volume":"236","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-020-01487-8","article-title":"Fracture properties and impact resistance of self-compacting fiber reinforced concrete (SCFRC)","volume":"53","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199608)31:4<457::AID-JBM4>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Novel fracture toughness test using a notchless triangular prism (NTP) specimen","volume":"31","author":"Ruse","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2019.102604","article-title":"Fracture behavior of notched TC21 alloy observed by In-situ SEM","volume":"15","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4028\/p-pc061a","article-title":"On the problem of getting a correct crack shape in fracture toughness specimens of low-carbon steel","volume":"1052","author":"Nazarova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2023.109804","article-title":"Constitutive relationship and fracture mechanism for wide stress triaxiality of titanium alloy","volume":"295","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2024.104742","article-title":"Fracture assessment of blunt V-notched 3D-printed ABS: Proposing a new specimen for testing and different criteria for prediction","volume":"134","author":"Torabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.42.1049","article-title":"Fracture process zone in notched samples of cold drawn pearlitic steels","volume":"42","author":"Toribio","year":"2002","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toribio, J., Ayaso, F.-J., and Rodr\u00edguez, R. (2023). Intercolonial microdamage and cracking micromechanisms during wire drawing of pearlitic steel. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16051822"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2024.109615","article-title":"Ductile fracture locus under various deformation modes with negative-to-positive stress triaxiality","volume":"279","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2024.104624","article-title":"Does double pre-notches have a greater impact than single pre-notch on the mechanical and fracture behavior of rock? Insights from three-point bending tests using the numerical approach of grain-based model","volume":"133","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2024.07.095","article-title":"Influences of stress triaxiality and forming parameters on microstructural evolution and fracture mechanisms in a Ni\u2013Cr\u2013Mo-based superalloy","volume":"32","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2024-250","article-title":"Ductile fracture prediction during metal forming using an ellipsoidal void model and some other models","volume":"65","author":"Komori","year":"2025","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2024.04.022","article-title":"Notch tip hydrogen diffusion assisted by stress and strain fields and its role in hydrogen assisted fracture","volume":"59","author":"Toribio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2024.146175","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study on hydrogen-induced failure of X65 pipeline steel","volume":"894","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2024.116030","article-title":"The unexpected low fracture toughness of dual-phase steels is caused by ferrite\/martensite interface decohesion","volume":"244","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2021.103057","article-title":"New ductile fracture model for fracture prediction ranging from negative to high stress triaxiality","volume":"145","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMATEI.2009.024027","article-title":"Micro-fracture maps in progressively drawn pearlitic steels under triaxial stress states","volume":"1","author":"Toribio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Eng. Innov."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2020.11.093","article-title":"On the concept of micro-fracture map (MFM) and its role in structural integrity evaluations in materials science and engineering: A Tribute to Jorge Manrique","volume":"28","author":"Toribio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/8\/1690\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:12:19Z","timestamp":1760029939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/8\/1690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18081690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18081690","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}}}