{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:18:30Z","timestamp":1780582710184,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Brasil (CAPES)","award":["303224\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303224\/2018-5"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Brasil (CAPES)","award":["305654\/2023-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305654\/2023-3"]}]},{"name":"CNPq (The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico) PQ1C","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CNPq (The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico) PQ1C","award":["303224\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303224\/2018-5"]}]},{"name":"CNPq (The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico) PQ1C","award":["305654\/2023-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305654\/2023-3"]}]},{"name":"CNPq PQ2 research fellow (No. 306339\/2020-0). P.S.d.S.S. is a CNPq PQ2","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CNPq PQ2 research fellow (No. 306339\/2020-0). P.S.d.S.S. is a CNPq PQ2","award":["303224\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303224\/2018-5"]}]},{"name":"CNPq PQ2 research fellow (No. 306339\/2020-0). P.S.d.S.S. is a CNPq PQ2","award":["305654\/2023-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305654\/2023-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different treatments have been proposed for morphofunctional bone repair; however, they are not always efficient and have limitations. In this experimental study, we present matrix composites with a possible synergistic effect acting with scaffolds for bone growth and use of photobiomodulation (PBM) to accelerate this tissue repair. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of PBM in the repair of a long bone (tibia) of rats filled with biomimetic collagen matrices with nanohydroxyapatite and heterologous fibrin biopolymer (FB). Forty-eight rats were distributed into eight groups (n = six each): Blood Clot (BC), Blood Clot + PBM (BCP), Matrix (M), Matrix + PBM (MP), Fibrin Biopolymer (FB), Fibrin Biopolymer + PBM (FBP), Matrix + FB (MFB), Matrix + FB + PBM (MFBP). A 2.0 mm bone defect was created in the proximal third of the left tibia. The BCP, MP, FBP, and MFBP groups underwent PBM during surgery and maintained twice a week until euthanasia at 42 days. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), histomorphological and histomorphometric analyses were performed. Micro-CT analysis revealed that PBM influenced cortical interposition between the remnant and newly formed bone. Histologically, no exacerbated inflammatory focus or foreign body-type granulomatous reaction was observed in any group; however, a vast collagenous matrix with a more oriented and thicker spatial conformation was observed in the PBM-treated groups. Histomorphometrically, the BCP, MP, and MFBP groups showed significantly higher values compared to the other groups. Specifically, the BC group presented a mean bone tissue density of 68.33 \u00b1 7.394, while the BCP and MP groups showed 99.83 \u00b1 11.87 and 99.67 \u00b1 20.58, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Qualitative analysis of collagen fibers indicated enhanced organization and maturation in PBM-treated groups. This study concluded that the association of PBM in the repair of long bones in rats, filled with biomimetic collagen matrices with nanohydroxyapatite and fibrin biopolymer, presented results that contribute to the improvement of bone growth, together with the association of scaffolds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18081704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T07:49:02Z","timestamp":1744184942000},"page":"1704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficacy of Three-Dimensional Bioactive Composites in Long Bone Repair with Photobiomodulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sebasti\u00e3o J\u00falio","family":"Rodrigues J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia Carlucci","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Dentistry School, Faculty of the Midwest Paulista (FACOP), Piratininga 17499-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Vieira","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (FAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FMVZ\/USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3051-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Antonio Hungaro","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FOB\/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murilo Priori","family":"Alcalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FOB\/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9855-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedito","family":"Barraviera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Seabra","family":"Ferreira J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4360-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria de Guzzi","family":"Plepis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virg\u00ednia da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Amaro","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0674-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo S\u00e9rgio da Silva","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4551-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Rodrigues","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed (FMJ), Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"},{"name":"Interunits Graduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC\/FMRP\/IQSC), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5881-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio Leone","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FMVZ\/USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), 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