{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:27:35Z","timestamp":1773188855338,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52465038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52465038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52265019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52265019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ7400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ7400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JJ60012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ60012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JJ40341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ40341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22B0539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22B0539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52465038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52465038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52265019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52265019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ7400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ7400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JJ60012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ60012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JJ40341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ40341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22B0539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22B0539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province","award":["52465038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52465038"]}]},{"name":"the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province","award":["52265019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52265019"]}]},{"name":"the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province","award":["2024JJ7400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ7400"]}]},{"name":"the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province","award":["2022JJ60012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ60012"]}]},{"name":"the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province","award":["2022JJ40341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ40341"]}]},{"name":"the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province","award":["22B0539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22B0539"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasonic vibration (UV) has been employed in various plastic forming processes due to its special effect known as acoustoplasticity. Mostly, UV is applied along the longitudinal direction in experimental investigations. However, very few studies have focused on normal UV-assisted uniaxial tension, which is more similar to the loading state of sheet metal in actual forming processes. Herein, normal UV-assisted tension tests on a TA1 thin sheet are performed to study its mechanical properties and microstructure evolution. The macro-mechanical behavior is demonstrated by stress\u2013strain curves under different ultrasonic amplitudes and strain rates. Fracture morphology and microstructure evolution are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to reveal the UV softening mechanism at the micro level. The results show that the stress reduction induced by UV reaches 20% when the ultrasonic amplitude is 13.9 \u03bcm. Fracture mode changes from ductile fracture to brittle fracture with increasing amplitude. Microstructure examinations show that low-angle grain boundary (LAGB) fraction, kernel average misorientation (KAM), and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density in the samples experiencing normal UV-assisted tension are all decreased, leading to a reduction in deformation resistance. The inverse pole figures (IPFs) further reveal that the plastic deformation mechanism of the TA1 thin sheet is diversified with the superposition of normal UV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18081712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T07:49:02Z","timestamp":1744184942000},"page":"1712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mechanical Response and Microstructure Evolution of TA1 Titanium Under Normal Ultrasonic Vibration Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Electromechanical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7268-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunju","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Robotics and Microsystems Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215131, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haolan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Electromechanical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoye","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Electromechanical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Zhangjiajie Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Zhangjiajie 427000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhifang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Electromechanical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Electromechanical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Electromechanical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2020.07.015","article-title":"Ultrasonic-assisted microforming of superalloy capillary: Modeling and experimental investigation","volume":"57","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2020.116725","article-title":"Ultrasonic flexible bulging process of spherical caps array as surface texturing using aluminum alloy 5052 ultra-thin sheet","volume":"284","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"606","article-title":"Influence of ultrasonic vibration on micro extrusion","volume":"5","author":"Ngaile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0684-4","article-title":"Investigation on effect of ultrasonic vibration on micro-blanking process of copper foil","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z.D., Wan, W.Q., and Yang, M. (2024). An evaluation of the impact effect on the surface microstructure and its induced temperature changes during ultrasonic-assisted micro-forging. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17164123"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230955","DOI":"10.1080\/09500839.2023.2230955","article-title":"Microstructure and properties of ultrasonic-assisted gallium-based alloys for room-temperature bonding of Cu\/Cu","volume":"103","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phil. Mag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2024.113313","article-title":"Ultrasonic-induced amorphization and strengthening mechanisms of ultrasonic vibrations assisted friction stir Al\/Ti welds","volume":"246","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-023-08155-6","article-title":"Improving microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-wall part fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing assisted with high-intensity ultrasound","volume":"58","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Effect of compound energy-field with temperature and ultrasonic vibration on bending properties of 2195 Al-Li alloy","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rare Met. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2006.12.032","article-title":"Modelling the effects of superimposed ultrasonic vibrations on tension and compression tests of aluminium","volume":"186","author":"Daud","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2012.06.003","article-title":"Acoustic softening and residual hardening in aluminum: Modeling and experiments","volume":"39","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.09.042","article-title":"Acoustic softening and stress superposition in ultrasonic vibration assisted uniaxial tension of copper foil: Experiments and modeling","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2020.102879","article-title":"An energy based modeling for the acoustic softening effect on the Hall-Petch behavior of pure titanium in ultrasonic vibration assisted micro-tension","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2011.07.023","article-title":"A thermomechanical crystal plasticity constitutive model for ultrasonic consolidation","volume":"51","author":"Siddiq","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2013.05.008","article-title":"A model to characterize acoustic softening during ultrasonic consolidation","volume":"213","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.143044","article-title":"Acoustic residual softening and microstructure evolution of T2 copper foil in ultrasonic vibration assisted micro-tension","volume":"841","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2017.08.021","article-title":"Influence of ultrasonic vibration on the plasticity of metals during compression process","volume":"251","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024905","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3068352","article-title":"Effects of superimposed ultrasound on deformation of gold","volume":"105","author":"Lum","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2012.11.036","article-title":"The effect of tensile deformation by in situ ultrasonic treatment on the microstructure of low-carbon steel","volume":"61","author":"Dutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2013.02.037","article-title":"Oscillation-induced softening in copper and molybdenum from nano-to micro-length scales","volume":"572","author":"Siu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1080\/14786435.2014.897008","article-title":"Strength of metals under vibrations dislocation-density-function dynamics simulations","volume":"95","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021). Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size (Standard No. ASTM E112)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2021). Metallic Materials\u2014Tensile Testing\u2014Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature (Standard No. GB\/T 228.1-2021)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2016). Standardization Administration of China. Titanium and Titanium Alloys\u2014Designation and Chemical Composition (Standard No. GB\/T 3620.1-2016)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2019.05.009","article-title":"Constitutive behavior and microstructural evolution in ultrasonic vibration assisted deformation of ultrathin superalloy sheet","volume":"157\u2013158","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Beausir, B., and Fundenberger, J.J. (2017). ATEX-Software, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine. Available online: www.atex-software.eu."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2010.09.007","article-title":"New insight on acoustoplasticity-ultrasonic irradiation enhances sub-grain formation during deformation","volume":"5","author":"Siu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2005.12.045","article-title":"Twinning and stacking fault formation during tensile deformation of nanocrystalline Ni","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"4369","article-title":"Deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo titanium alloy at low temperatures and high strain rates","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rare Met. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-023-08047-5","article-title":"Ultrasonic-assisted fracture appearance of titanium","volume":"33","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/8\/1712\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:11:36Z","timestamp":1760029896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/8\/1712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18081712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18081712","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]}}}