{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:19:59Z","timestamp":1791584399977,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the effect of 3D printing speed on the mechanical strength of parts produced with high-speed PLA. Samples were tested according to the ISO 527-1 standard, focusing on tensile strength. The results reveal that increasing the print speed from 30 mm\/s to 500 mm\/s reduces the mechanical strength of the samples, although the difference is minimal and does not affect the surface quality when the material is appropriately selected. Additionally, the orientation of the samples on the build plate had a significant impact on their strength, with samples printed along the Y-axis exhibiting better tensile performance. Ironing, which smooths the surface at the end of the print, improved the fracture surface consistency and tensile strength, regardless of the print speed. The improvement in tensile strength observed in ironed specimens can be attributed to improved bonding of the layers, reduced porosity, and a reduction in stress concentration points, which ultimately contributed to more uniform stress distribution and less risk of premature failure. Thermal camera images indicated no significant deviations in heat distribution, excluding this factor as a cause for inconsistent fracture points. This study concludes that higher printing speeds offer time and energy savings with minimal impact on mechanical properties, making them suitable for prototyping and decorative elements, although the effects of print speed and orientation should be considered for applications requiring higher strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18081765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T03:39:16Z","timestamp":1744601956000},"page":"1765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Influence of Print Speed on the Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed Bio-Polymer Polylactic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ludwik","family":"Lorkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1\/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3088-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Wybrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1\/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9380-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emila","family":"Brancewicz-Steinmetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1\/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5757-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"\u015awiniarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Strength of Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1\/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9147-7338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1\/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1515\/eng-2021-0063","article-title":"A Review on the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printing: Filament Processing, Materials, and Printing Parameters","volume":"11","author":"Kristiawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2018.03.009","article-title":"A General Method to Improve 3D-Printability and Inter-Layer Adhesion in Lignin-Based Composites","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. 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