{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:55:14Z","timestamp":1792079714844,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Weifang Science and Technology Development Plan Project","award":["2023ZJ1166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZJ1166"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study elucidates the underlying formation mechanisms and mitigation strategies for the W-shaped solidification profile in slab continuous casting. Through the development of a multiphysics coupling numerical model, integrated with measured nozzle cooling characteristics in the secondary cooling zone, the effect of steel flow patterns in mold and non-uniform cooling conditions in the secondary cooling zone on solidifying shell evolution is systematically studied. A principal finding is that wide-face shell erosion, induced by both the radial expansion jet and the lower recirculation, constitutes the primary determinant of uneven shell thickness. An increase in the immersion depth and inclination angle of the nozzle side-hole exacerbates the non-uniformity of the solidified shell. Non-uniform cooling in the secondary cooling zone further amplifies the shell thickness differences, culminating in characteristic dumbbell-shaped solidified shell geometry. Strategic implementation of localized enhanced cooling on the wide face in the secondary cooling zone demonstrates significant improvement in shell uniformity, with implementation efficacy contingent upon a critical process window (Segments 1\u20136). These findings establish mechanistic foundations and deliver practical guidance for minimizing centerline segregation through optimized continuous casting parameter configuration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18081867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T20:15:06Z","timestamp":1745180106000},"page":"1867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Insight into the Common W-Shaped Uneven Solidification Profile in Slab Casting: From Mechanisms to Targeted Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Technology, Shougang Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaikang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Materials, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315807, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.06.079","article-title":"Numerical Modelling of Fluid Flow and Macrosegregation in a Continuous Casting Slab with Asymmetrical Bulging and Mechanical Reduction","volume":"141","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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