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Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of ionic liquid-modified composites in antimicrobial applications. Here, we innovatively prepared GO-based composites modified with phosphonate ionic liquids via a series of surface functionalizations. The resulting antibacterial composites exhibit significant broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant strains, with stronger efficacy against Gram-negative species. Additionally, the material features excellent long-term reusability and the ability to inhibit\/destroy biofilms, which is vital for combating persistent infections. Mechanistic studies reveal its antibacterial effects through multiple pathways: disrupting bacterial membranes, inducing ROS, and inactivating intracellular substances\u2014mechanisms less likely to promote resistance. Overall, these phosphonate ionic liquid-modified polycationic materials demonstrate substantial potential in treating bacterial infections, offering a promising strategy to tackle antibiotic resistance challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18081889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T20:38:26Z","timestamp":1745267906000},"page":"1889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antibacterial Activity of GO-Based Composites Enhanced by Phosphonate-Functionalized Ionic Liquids and Silver"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongda","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5205-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weida","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2577-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingling","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8278-2258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongze","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.10.020","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects","volume":"14","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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