{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:50:45Z","timestamp":1783554645065,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the degree of monomer conversion (DC) and mechanical properties of experimental orthodontic adhesives containing monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM), Sr-bioactive glass (Sr-BAG) nanoparticles, and andrographolide. Experimental adhesives were prepared with a 4:1 powder-to-liquid ratio, containing methacrylate monomers with varying formulations of glass fillers and additives. DC was measured using ATR-FTIR (n = 5) with and without bracket placement under two curing protocols: conventional LED (1200 mW\/cm2, 20 s) and high-intensity LED (3200 mW\/cm2, 3 s). The biaxial flexural strength and modulus were tested after 4-week water immersion (n = 8). Transbond XT was used as the commercial comparison. Transbond XT exhibited higher DC (33\u201338%) than the experimental materials. Conventional LED curing produced higher DC than high-intensity LED, while bracket placement reduced DC by approximately 10% in the experimental materials but minimally affected Transbond XT. Transbond XT demonstrated a superior biaxial flexural strength (188 MPa) compared to the experimental adhesives (106\u2013166 MPa, p &lt; 0.05). However, the experimental formulations with low additive concentrations showed a comparable biaxial flexural modulus (5.0\u20135.5 GPa) to Transbond XT (5.6 GPa) (p &gt; 0.05). Although the experimental adhesives exhibited lower DC and strength than the commercial product, their values still met the ISO standards, suggesting their potential clinical viability despite their modified compositions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18102278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T08:44:58Z","timestamp":1747212298000},"page":"2278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Evaluation of Degree of Monomer Conversion, Biaxial Flexural Strength, and Surface Mineral Precipitation of Orthodontic Adhesive Containing Sr-Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles, Calcium Phosphate, and Andrographolide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wirinrat","family":"Chaichana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supachai","family":"Chanachai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanlaya","family":"Insee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sutiwa","family":"Benjakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9998-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parichart","family":"Naruphontjirakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piyaphong","family":"Panpisut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9381-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woranuch","family":"Chetpakdeechit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjaa055","article-title":"Fluoride varnish for white spot lesion prevention during orthodontic treatment: Results of a randomized controlled trial 1 year after debonding","volume":"43","author":"Sonesson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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