{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:58:33Z","timestamp":1787162313074,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF) Track II","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2119809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2119809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF) Track II","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# 20-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 20-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Idaho P3-R1 matching student scholarship","award":["2119809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2119809"]}]},{"name":"University of Idaho P3-R1 matching student scholarship","award":["# 20-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 20-002"]}]},{"name":"Idaho State Board of Education IGEM","award":["2119809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2119809"]}]},{"name":"Idaho State Board of Education IGEM","award":["# 20-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 20-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the use of carbonized hemp fiber (CHF) as a reinforcement for phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF)-based fiber composites. The hemp fiber was carbonized slowly up to 1000 \u00b0C under N2 with a yield of 18%. Compression-molded composites were prepared with CHF and then compared to hemp (HF) and wood fiber (WF) at 0 to 50% loading with PRF resin. The flow characteristics of the uncured composites were determined by dynamic rheology and showed pseudoplastic behavior; the composites show promise as extrudable materials. The flexural strength of the HF composites (69 MPa for 40% HF) was higher than the CHF composites. The thermal stability of the composites was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the CHF composites were more stable than the HF and WF composites. Carbonization was shown to enhance both the thermal stability and the hydrophobicity of the composites, which is expected to lead to less susceptibility to weathering and biological attack. Formulations of 50% WF, 50% CHF, and 30% HF fiber loadings with PRF were able to be extruded into rods. Extruded CHF composites showed better mechanical properties than the HF and WF composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18112509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T05:52:52Z","timestamp":1748325172000},"page":"2509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Carbonized Hemp Fiber for Use in Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sodiq B.","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest and Sustainable Products Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7147-7127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Maughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando G.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest and Sustainable Products Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6826","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c01734","article-title":"Carbon Fibers from Lignin-Cellulose Precursors: Effect of Carbonization Conditions","volume":"8","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. 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