{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T07:54:23Z","timestamp":1774857263654,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52101052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52101052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The torsional behavior during the deformation process of the axial closed die rolling the axial closed rolling (ACDR) forming is studied in this paper using a numerical simulation technique on TC11 titanium alloy. The axial and radial pinch angles, as well as the degree of specimen torsion, increased with the amount of deformation. The orientation distribution function (ODF) maps of the \u03b1-phase and \u03b2-phase were obtained by Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) treatment of the TC11 titanium alloy. It can be noticed that there were different types of texture with different strengths in the ACDR samples, and in the xz and yz planes, textures in the direction of the column were predominantly of {0001} &lt;21\u00af1\u00af0&gt; and {011\u00af0} &lt;21\u00af1\u00af0&gt;; the weaker the texture was, the closer to the edge of the sample. In the xy plane, the texture structure was mainly distributed along the cone direction, and the textures were {1\u00af21\u00af0} &lt;101\u00af0&gt; and {011\u00af0} &lt;21\u00af1\u00af0&gt;. However, the closer to the edge position of the specimen, the higher the intensity of the texture, and the texture was {12\u00af12\u00af} &lt;12\u00af16&gt;. The \u03b2-phase is mainly distributed as {001} &lt;100&gt;, {110} &lt;11\u00af0&gt;, and {110} &lt;001&gt; textures within the specimen, and the texture strength is about 8.5 times. However, owing to the small proportion of the \u03b2-phase content in the specimen, the distribution pattern of its texture has a weak impact on the texture distribution of the overall specimen. A high degree of isotropy in the radial and tangential tensile properties, with a strength isotropy of over 99 percent and a plasticity isotropy of over 95 percent, resulted from the distribution of texture types with varying strengths and orientations within the ACDR specimens, which weakened the TC11 discs\u2019 overall orientation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18112528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T09:29:36Z","timestamp":1748338176000},"page":"2528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mechanism of Isotropic Behavior in Titanium Alloy Plates Formed by Axial Closed Die Rolling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2301-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungang","family":"Nan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Anhui Hangon Ultrafine Metal Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 234200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Study on constitutive relationship of TC11 titanium alloy during high temperature deformation","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202400956","article-title":"Effect of Heterogeneous Deformation on Microstructure and Microtexture Evolution of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy during Multidirectional Isothermal Forging","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-017-4444-8","article-title":"Early Stages of Microstructure and Texture Evolution during Beta Annealing of Ti-6Al-4V","volume":"49","author":"Pilchak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(96)10388-9","article-title":"Investigation of the \u03b1- and \u03b2- texture evolution of hot rolled Ti-64 products","volume":"219","author":"Gey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-0302(12)60167-4","article-title":"Development of Microstructure and Texture Heterogeneities during Static Annealing of Ti\u20136.5Al\u20133.5Mo\u20131.5Zr\u20130.3Si Alloy Preformed by Hot Working","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2023.144990","article-title":"Influence of phase morphology, static recrystallization, and crystallographic texture on room temperature tensile properties of Ti\u20136Al\u20134V alloy: Comparison between post-tested equiaxed, bimodal, and lamellar microstructures","volume":"873","author":"Dixit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.166897","article-title":"Effect of solutionizing temperature and cooling rate on phase morphology, recrystallization and texture evolution in a heat treated Ti\u20136Al\u20134V alloy having different types of microstructure","volume":"927","author":"Dixit","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096520","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ac16ae","article-title":"Investigation on microstructure and texture evolution of Ti\u20136Al\u20133Nb\u20132Zr\u20131Mo alloy during hot deformation","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"16","article-title":"Influence of Heat Treatment Process on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-55531 Alloy","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Titan. Ind. Prog."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"345","article-title":"Effect of forging processes on the microstructure and texture distribution of Ti-6Al-4V alloy","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.01.004","article-title":"Mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution of commercially pure titanium in enhanced multi-pass equal channel angular pressing and cold extrusion","volume":"31","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.163969","article-title":"Evolution of grain boundary and texture in TC11 titanium alloy under electroshock treatment","volume":"904","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2004.01.013","article-title":"Experimental determination and theoretical prediction of twin orientations in magnesium alloy AZ31","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-04130-1","article-title":"Effect of deformation routes on torsion behavior via ACDR process","volume":"104","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(01)00989-3","article-title":"Order strengthening in the cast nickel-based superalloy IN 100 at room temperature\u2014ScienceDirect","volume":"319\u2013321","author":"Heilmaier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2020.04.052","article-title":"Short-range order strengthening in boron-doped high-entropy alloys for cryogenic applications","volume":"194","author":"Seol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2021). Metallic Materials\u2014Tensile Testing\u2014Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature (Standard No. GB\/T 228-2021)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2022.112136","article-title":"Deformation characteristic and microstructure evolution of GH4169 alloy induced by axial upsetting and axial rotary forging","volume":"191","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-1135-y","article-title":"PDZ evolution of hot ACDR and forging processes during titanium alloy disc forming","volume":"95","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nan, J., Liu, D., Rao, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., and Wang, J. (2024). Study of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties by Torsional Behavior in Axial Closed Die Rolling Forming. Metals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/met14121418"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2014.05.076","article-title":"Coarsening behavior of lamellar orthorhombic phase and its effect on tensile properties for the Ti\u201322Al\u201325Nb Alloy","volume":"611","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(01)00788-9","article-title":"Thermo-mechanical processing of high strength \u03b2-titanium alloys and effects on microstructure and properties","volume":"117","author":"Sauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/11\/2528\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:41:34Z","timestamp":1760031694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/11\/2528"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18112528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18112528","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]}}}