{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:02:12Z","timestamp":1792119732756,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U22A20174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20174"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52071207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071207"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51821001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51821001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22ZR1432800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1432800"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["U22A20174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20174"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["52071207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071207"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["51821001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51821001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["22ZR1432800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1432800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As space missions become increasingly complex, protection against high-energy charged particles has emerged as a critical factor for the safe operation of spacecraft. These electrical particles, including protons and electrons, can penetrate spacecraft structures and cause severe damage to internal components. Therefore, this review discusses the characteristics of the high-energy charged particle environment in Earth orbits. Accordingly, various passive shielding materials have been evaluated, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability in different orbital environments. Specifically, the importance of optimizing shielding materials and structures to enhance the radiation resistance of spacecraft has been emphasized. Furthermore, advancements in passive shielding materials for high-energy charged particles in Earth orbit over the past few years have been examined. Finally, future research directions have been proposed, including the development of lighter and more efficient shielding materials, the optimization of multi-layer shielding structures, and the integration of passive shielding with other protective technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18112558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T09:47:34Z","timestamp":1748512054000},"page":"2558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Review of Passive Shielding Materials for High-Energy Charged Particles in Earth\u2019s Orbit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, No. 3666 Yuanjiang Road, Shanghai 201109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, No. 3666 Yuanjiang Road, Shanghai 201109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakai","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, No. 3666 Yuanjiang Road, Shanghai 201109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Institute of Alumics Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Anhui), Huaibei 235000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, No. 3666 Yuanjiang Road, Shanghai 201109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haowei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Institute of Alumics Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Anhui), Huaibei 235000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhansheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, No. 3666 Yuanjiang Road, Shanghai 201109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, C.J., and Simske, S.J. 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