{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:21:27Z","timestamp":1760059287318,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The two-dimensional (2D) measurement of radiation dose distribution on non-planar surfaces requires the use of a flexible dosimeter. This work concerns the use of a unique cotton textile-based dosimeter to characterize the dose distribution of a 60Co source used in the research and sterilization of products. Alternatively, for high-dose-rate experiments, an electron beam accelerator has been used. The dosimeter was prepared by the padding-squeezing-drying of a cotton textile made of cellulose, where a 10% solution of nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) was used for the padding process. NBT served as a radiation-sensitive compound, which transformed into a purple-brown NBT formazan upon exposure to ionizing radiation. The NBT dosimeter is scanned after irradiation using a flatbed scanner, and the data is processed using dedicated software packages, which together constitute a 2D dose distribution measurement system. The green channel of the RGB color model contributes the most to the color change of the dosimeter. The calibration relation obtained for the green channel showed that the dosimeter responds to doses of 0.8\u201345 kGy. Conversions of the green channel signal were performed using the calibration relation to analyze the 2D dose at a large distance and close to a 60Co source shielded by a solid metal and a cylindrical metal structure with holes. Additionally, the dose distribution was assessed using a dosimeter placed on metal implant models undergoing radiation serialization. This work demonstrates the potential of such a dosimeter for characterizing high-dose-rate 60Co sources and measuring the dose distribution on non-planar surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18122685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T12:58:21Z","timestamp":1749214701000},"page":"2685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of a Flexible Two-Dimensional Textile Dosimeter with a Kilogray Dose Range to Measure the Dose Distribution for a 60Co Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8396-4344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Kozicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, \u017beromskiego 116, 90-543 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"GeVero Co., 90-980 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7311-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Wach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9217-5056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"S\u0105siadek-Andrzejczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, \u017beromskiego 116, 90-543 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5821-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Maras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy Planning, Copernicus Hospital, Pabianicka 62, 93-513 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations (2010). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes, v. 1., United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.unscear.org\/unscear\/en\/publications\/2008_1.html.","DOI":"10.18356\/9b8f628f-en"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency (2006). Radiological Assessment Reports Series, Environmental Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident and Their Remediation: Twenty Years of Experience, Report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group \u201cEnvironment\u201d, International Atomic Energy Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/publications\/7382\/environmental-consequences-of-the-chernobyl-accident-and-their-remediation-twenty-years-of-experience."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Adamantiades, A.G., EMTIE, and The World Bank (1991). Health and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Power Plants, The World Bank. Industry and Energy Department Working Paper, Energy Series; Paper No. 41."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Committee on Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety and Security of U.S. Nuclear Plants, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, and National Research Council (2014). Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety of U.S. Nuclear Plants, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/5\/R01","article-title":"Polymer gel dosimetry","volume":"55","author":"Baldock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Deene, Y. (2022). Radiation dosimetry by use of radiosensitive hydrogels and polymers: Mechanisms, state-of-the-art and perspective from 3D to 4D. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8090599"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pappas, E., Kalaitzakis, G., Boursianis, T., Zoros, E., Zourari, K., Pappas, E.P., Makris, D., Seimenis, I., Efstathopoulos, E., and Maris, T.G. (2019). Dosimetric performance of the Elekta Unity MRlinac system: 2D and 3D dosimetry in anthropomorphic inhomogeneous geometry. Phys. Med. Biol., 64.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab52ce"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225601","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab08d0","article-title":"Characterization of radiochromic poly(vinyl-alcohol)\u2013glutaraldehyde Fricke gels for dosimetry in external x-ray radiation therapy","volume":"52","author":"Gallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(93)90030-H","article-title":"NMR relaxation enhancement in gels polymerized and cross-linked by ionizing radiation: A new approach to 3D dosimetry by MRI","volume":"11","author":"Maryanski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16796","article-title":"High-resolution three-dimensional dosimetry in clinically relevant volumes utilizing optically stimulated luminescence","volume":"51","author":"Jensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(03)00106-3","article-title":"Radiation chemistry of anionic disazo dyes in cellophane films applications for high-dose dosimetry","volume":"67","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598407","article-title":"Radiochromic film dosimetry: Recommendations of AAPM radiation therapy committee task group 55","volume":"25","author":"Blackwell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(98)00094-2","article-title":"Use of tetrazolium salts in dosimetry of ionizing radiation","volume":"52","author":"Pikaev","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(99)00230-3","article-title":"Radiolytic reactions of nitro blue te-trazolium under oxidative and reductive conditions: A pulse radiolysis study","volume":"55","author":"Baranyai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00961095","article-title":"Radiolysis of aqueous solutions of tetrazolium salts","volume":"37","author":"Kriminskaya","year":"1988","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2008.06.006","article-title":"Pulse radiolysis of tetrazolium violet in aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic solutions under oxidative and reductive conditions","volume":"77","author":"Fletcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dosimeter film based on ethyl violet-bromophenol blue dyed poly(vinyl alcohol)","volume":"3","author":"Ebraheem","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(99)00231-5","article-title":"Aqueous-ethanol nitro blue tetrazolium solutions for high dose dosimetry","volume":"55","author":"Baranyai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-806X(95)00358-5","article-title":"Alcohol solutions of triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride as high-dose radiochromic dosimeters","volume":"46","author":"Afeefy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-806X(95)00144-M","article-title":"Radiation-chemical reaction of 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride in liquid and solid state","volume":"47","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(99)00501-0","article-title":"Dose determination with nitro blue tetrazolium containing radiochromic dye films by measuring absorbed and reflected light","volume":"57","author":"Baranyai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2011.01.011","article-title":"Dosimetry characterization of nitro-blue tetrazolium polyvinylbutyral films for radiation processing","volume":"80","author":"Basfar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2011.06.001","article-title":"Radiation-induced color bleaching of methyl red in polyvinyl butyral film dosimeter","volume":"80","author":"Rabaeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-796X(03)00034-2","article-title":"Radiochromic film for medical radiation dosimetry","volume":"41","author":"Butson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2022.10.011","article-title":"Features of 2Day.QA\u00ae as a 2D radiation dosimeter","volume":"104","author":"Kozicki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Medica"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2012.06.019","article-title":"The importance of fabric structure in the construction of 2D textile radiation dosimeters","volume":"47","author":"Andrzejczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0105siadek-Andrzejczak, E., Maras, P., and Kozicki, M. (2024). Flexible and Ecological Cotton-Based Dosimeter for 2D UV Surface Dose Distribution Measurements. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17174339"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozicki, M., S\u0105siadek-Andrzejczak, E., Wach, R., and Maras, P. (2024). Flexible Cotton Fabric-Based Ionizing Radiation Dosimeter for 2D Dose Distribution Measurements over a Wide Dose Range at High Dose Rates. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052916"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/15\/4111","article-title":"Software for 3D radiotherapy dosimetry. Validation","volume":"59","author":"Kozicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0105siadek-Andrzejczak, E., Maras, P., and Kozicki, M. (2025). Storage Conditions of Textile Dosimeters for 2D UV Dose Measurements. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18092146"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2685\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:48:02Z","timestamp":1760032082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18122685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18122685","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]}}}