{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T06:45:30Z","timestamp":1785221130560,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biologic response following the insertion of dental implants is a widely studied process. Recent research has highlighted the importance of implant surface topography and chemistry as highly influential factors in consolidating the dental implant with the surrounding biological environment. The hydrophilicity, or wettability, of dental implants plays a pivotal role in these interactions and successful osseointegration. A more well-established factor that can also influence the development of the tissue\u2013implant interface is exposure to tobacco smoke. While the negative impact of smoking on the biological response of the tissue is clear, there has been no research evaluating the impact that tobacco smoke can have directly on the surface chemistry of dental implants. The present study aimed to explore the effect of smoking on implant surface chemistry and wettability in vitro. Five different implant disks (Ti-Mach, Ti-SLA, Ti-Alloy, Zirc-1 and Zirc-2) were subjected to contamination with tobacco smoke using a portable smoke infuser with dome enclosure. Occasional smoking (5\u00d7\/day 10 min each for 3 days) and heavy smoking (20\u00d7\/day for 10 min each for 10 days) were simulated. The wettability of the implant disks was evaluated via the contact angle technique using artificial blood and albumin, as well as saline as a control. It was determined that the contamination of implant surfaces due to smoking produces changes in the surface chemistry and wettability. Changes in the surface hydrophilicity differed based on the implant material. Within the constraints of this investigation, tobacco smoke improved the hydrophilicity of titanium surfaces but worsened that of ceramic surfaces when utilizing the testing solutions. Different implant surfaces exhibit different wetting behavior following contamination with nicotine smoke. This might have an impact on the treatment of peri-implantitis in smokers due to changes in implant surface hydrophilicity, which can affect the re-osseointegration process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18122844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T03:37:07Z","timestamp":1750131427000},"page":"2844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Changes in Implant Surface Characteristics and Wettability Induced by Smoking In Vitro: A Preliminary Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8853-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Ohana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4910-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina K.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology & Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1721-0509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Delgado-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Digital Technology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7745-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios E.","family":"Romanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.02.040","article-title":"A review on the wettability of dental implant surfaces I: Theoretical and experimental aspects","volume":"10","author":"Rupp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02172.x","article-title":"Early osseointegration to hydrophilic and hydrophobic implant surfaces in humans","volume":"22","author":"Lang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.03.032","article-title":"A review on the wettability of dental implant surfaces II: Biological and clinical aspects","volume":"10","author":"Gittens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2024.131103","article-title":"Surface texture fabricated by ultrafast laser treatment for manipulating wettability and cell adhesion performance of Ti6Al4V","volume":"489","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207780831347","article-title":"Smoking, haemostatic factors, and cardiovascular risk","volume":"13","author":"Leone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2013.845785","article-title":"Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics on the Effective Moisture Diffusivity in Tobacco","volume":"18","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt187","article-title":"Classifying a smoker scale in adult daily and nondaily smokers","volume":"16","author":"Pulvers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.136338","article-title":"CRIS Guidelines (Checklist for Reporting In-vitro Studies): A concept note on the need for standardized guidelines for improving quality and transparency in reporting in-vitro studies in experimental dental research","volume":"17","author":"Krithikadatta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(96)90435-7","article-title":"The relationship of smoking on peri-implant tissue: A retrospective study","volume":"76","author":"Haas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2018.02.069","article-title":"Is there an association between smoking status and prosthetic joint infection after primary total joint arthroplasty?","volume":"33","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.05.031","article-title":"Nicotine at a Low Concentration Promotes Wound Healing","volume":"145","author":"Morimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64161-2","article-title":"Nicotine Accelerates Angiogenesis and Wound Healing in Genetically Diabetic Mice","volume":"161","author":"Jacobi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22S24S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90623-J","article-title":"Smoking and wound healing","volume":"93","author":"Silverstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2016.1158403","article-title":"Platelet activation, adhesion, inflammation, and aggregation potential are altered in the presence of electronic cigarette extracts of variable nicotine concentrations","volume":"27","author":"Hom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3109\/01913121003743716","article-title":"Smoking and coagulation: The sticky fibrin phenomenon","volume":"34","author":"Pretorius","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrastruct. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e352","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12239","article-title":"Nicotine corrosion on a Ti-6Al-4V dental implant","volume":"17","author":"Royhman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Shao, S.Y., Chen, W.Q., Chen, C., Zhang, S.M., and Qiu, J. (2019). Cigarette Smoke Extract Exposure: Effects on the Interactions between Titanium Surface and Osteoblasts. BioMed Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8759568"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makkeyah, F., El Sergany, O., Shamel, M., and Al Ankily, M. (2024). Effect of conventional cigarette smoking and recent heated tobacco products on CAD\/CAM restorative materials. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04423-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16020","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-024-10126-4","article-title":"Review: Osseointegration of titanium-based and zirconia implants: Novel perspective on features, influencing factors and improvements","volume":"59","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.6026\/9732063002001750","article-title":"Impact of smoking on dental implant: A review","volume":"20","author":"Reddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.8.1315","article-title":"Influence of Nicotine and Cotinine on Epithelial Colonization by Periodontopathogens","volume":"76","author":"Teughels","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"339","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae Adherence in Rats under Different Degrees and Durations of Cigarette Smoke","volume":"75","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.05.023","article-title":"Influence of cigarette smoke condensate on cariogenic and candidal biofilm formation on orthodontic materials","volume":"138","author":"Baboni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011240818338","article-title":"Conditioning film and environmental effects on the adherence of Candida spp. to silicone and poly(vinylchloride) biomaterials","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-009-9217-5","article-title":"Enhancement of Candida albicans Virulence After Exposition to Cigarette Mainstream Smoke","volume":"168","author":"Baboni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semlali, A., Killer, K., Alanazi, H., Chmielewski, W., and Rouabhia, M. (2014). Cigarette smoke condensate increases C. albicans adhesion, growth, biofilm formation, and EAP1, HWP1 and SAP2 gene expression. BMC Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-61"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60210a003","article-title":"Smoke composition. An extensive investigation of the water-soluble portion of cigarette smoke","volume":"25","author":"Schumacher","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2844\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:53:11Z","timestamp":1760032391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2844"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18122844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18122844","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]}}}