{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:05:50Z","timestamp":1792789550833,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFB2600600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2600600"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fly ash and slag powder, as two of the most widely utilized industrial solid waste-based mineral admixtures, have demonstrated through extensive validation that their combined incorporation technology effectively enhances the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of concrete. Systematic investigations remain imperative regarding material response mechanisms under dynamic loading conditions. This study conducted microstructural analysis, static compression tests, and dynamic Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) impact compression tests on concrete specimens, complemented by dynamic impact simulations employing an established three-dimensional mesoscale concrete aggregate model. Through integrated analysis of macroscopic mechanical test results, mesoscale numerical simulations, and microstructural characterization data, the research systematically elucidated the influence mechanisms of different mineral admixture combinations on concrete\u2019s dynamic mechanical behavior, energy dissipation characteristics, and fracture mechanisms. The results showed that all specimens exhibited strain rate enhancement characteristics as the strain rate increased. As the admixture approach transitioned from non-admixture to single admixture and subsequently to binary admixture, the dynamic strength, elastic modulus, and DIF of concrete increased progressively. Both the energy dissipation capacity and its proportion relative to total energy absorption showed continuous enhancement. The simulated stress\u2013strain curves, failure modes, and fracture processes show good agreement with experimental results, this effectively verifies both the scientific validity of the mesoscale concrete model\u2019s multiscale modeling approach and the reliability of the numerical simulations. Compared to FHC1, FMHC1\u2019s mesoscale structure can more effectively convert externally applied energy into stored internal energy, thereby achieving superior dynamic compressive energy dissipation capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18122883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:38:15Z","timestamp":1750232295000},"page":"2883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dynamic Compressive Behavior and Fracture Mechanisms of Binary Mineral Admixture-Modified Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jianqing","family":"Bu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Roads and Railway Engineering Safety Control, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2024.100770","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties for a wide range of geopolymer binders\u2014an optimization process","volume":"21","author":"Hajdu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.141447","article-title":"Performance evaluation of reinforced slag-fly ash-ceramic waste powders ternary geopolymer concrete under chloride ingress environment","volume":"478","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2025.120738","article-title":"Study on microstructure, mechanical properties and chloride ion binding of sea sand reactive powder concrete by multi-mineral admixture system","volume":"454","author":"Ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"62","article-title":"Effect of composite mineral admixtures on self-healing properties of mortar","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Early-age Cracking behavior of self-compacting concrete mixed with fly ash and slag","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Shenyang Jianzhu Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9983019","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9983019","article-title":"Influence of steel slag-superfine blast furnace slag composite mineral admixture on the properties of mortar and concrete","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012018","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2720\/1\/012018","article-title":"Study on the effect of double mineral admixtures on the properties of high water materials","volume":"2720","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1680\/jadcr.23.00185","article-title":"Compressive strength and chloride permeability of cement-based materials with high-volume compound mineral admixtures","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Cem. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e00218","article-title":"The effect of fly ash fineness on heat of hydration, microstructure, flow and compressive strength of blended cement pastes","volume":"10","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-020-05108-x","article-title":"Effect of fly ash with different particle size distributions on the properties and microstructure of concrete","volume":"29","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"434","article-title":"Mechanical properties of recycled self-compacting concrete with large volume mineral admixtures","volume":"45","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Tech Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.12.094","article-title":"Effects of ultra-fine ground granulated blast-furnace slag on initial setting time, fluidity and rheological properties of cement pastes","volume":"345","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125057","article-title":"Eco-friendly UHPC prepared from high volume wet-grinded ultrafine GGBS slurry","volume":"308","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"11288","article-title":"Experimental study on mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with hybrid fiber and fly ash subjected to freeze-thaw cycles","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112076","article-title":"Correlating strength development with hydration characteristics for multi-blend fly ash concrete","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124504","article-title":"Design and experimental study of a blended cement containing high-volume solid waste activated ultrafine powder","volume":"303","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"106","article-title":"Study on properties of high-strength concrete with ultrafine mineral admixtures","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Concrete"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105341","article-title":"Effect of activator properties on drying shrinkage of alkali-activated fly ash and slag","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-014-0322-7","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of geopolymer concrete subjected to high strain rate compressive loadings","volume":"48","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129912","article-title":"Experimental study on dynamic mechanical properties of fly ash and slag based alkali-activated concrete","volume":"364","author":"Lian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2024.08.102","article-title":"Dynamic mechanical properties and microstructure of ultrafine slag powder cement paste utilizing solid waste industrial tailings powder and fly ash","volume":"191","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138920","article-title":"3D mesoscopic investigation on the biaxial mechanical behavior and failure criteria of coral aggregate concrete based on biaxial strength theory","volume":"451","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2024.118650","article-title":"Three-dimensional mesoscopic investigation on the dynamic compressive behavior of coral sand concrete with reinforced granite coarse aggregate (GCA)","volume":"352","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112554","article-title":"Dynamic compressive behavior and energy absorption of SFRC","volume":"106","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.139784","article-title":"Dynamic mechanical performance of SCAC with various CCRL coarse aggregate: Experimental and numerical investigation","volume":"461","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021). Technical Specification for High Performance Concrete (Standard No. GB\/T 41054-2021). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.134803","article-title":"Effect of replacement of limestone slag powder with fly ash and direct coal liquefaction residue on the rheological properties of asphalt mastic","volume":"412","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e04418","article-title":"Erosion resistance performance of marine concrete with red mud, slag and fly ash","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019). Standard for Test Methods of Concrete Physical and Mechanical Properties (Standard No. GB\/T 50081-2019). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2020.104380","article-title":"Experimental verification of the boundary conditions in the success of the Brazilian test with loading arcs. An uncertainty approach using concrete disks","volume":"132","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2023.105824","article-title":"Study on high temperature dynamic characteristics and mesoscopic simulation of HFRC under dynamic and static combined loading","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108856","article-title":"Strain rate effect of concrete based on split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test","volume":"86","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.130413","article-title":"Study on the damage behavior and energy dissipation characteristics of basalt fiber concrete using SHPB device","volume":"368","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133112","article-title":"Influence of interface inclination angle and load impact velocity on dynamic splitting tensile behavior and dissipated energy of geopolymer-concrete composites","volume":"403","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129340","article-title":"Damage behavior and energy absorption characteristics of foamed concrete under dynamic load","volume":"357","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111258","article-title":"Rheology, shrinkage, mechanical properties and microstructure of ultra-light-weight concrete with fly ash cenospheres","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2835","article-title":"Stat dynamic and static mechanical properties and Microstructure of frozen shaft lining imitation steel fiber reinforced concrete","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"66","article-title":"Experimental study on carbonization performance of concrete with large proportion of double mineral admixtures","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, A., Ma, Y., Li, Z., Du, X., Li, G., and Wang, A. (2025). Study of the influence of desert sand-mineral admixture on the abrasion resistance of concrete. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18020446"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112299","article-title":"3D mesoscopic study on the triaxial compressive mechanical behavior and constitutive relationship of coral aggregate concrete","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"233","article-title":"Multi-phase modelling of electrochemical rehabilitation for ASR and chloride affected concrete composites","volume":"208","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finel.2024.104277","article-title":"Difference in dynamic direct tensile failure mechanism between homogeneous mortar and three-dimensional mesoscopic concrete based on the split Hopkinson tension bar","volume":"242","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Finite Elem. Anal. Des."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"261","article-title":"Research on numerical simulation of coal dynamic RHT constitutive model","volume":"49","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.13162","article-title":"Dynamic splitting tensile properties of concrete and cement mortar","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1109597","article-title":"Impact characterization of coral aggregate reinforced concrete beam: A 3D numerical study","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2883\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:54:13Z","timestamp":1760032453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18122883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18122883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]}}}