{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T13:24:39Z","timestamp":1776605079491,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates how moisture preconditioning and thermal parameters affect the stretchability of paper in 3D forming, with the goal of extending geometric forming limits and enhancing process stability. Multidimensional tensile tests were performed on FibreForm Duo (310 g\/m2) using a hemispherical punch. Key variables included water bath dwell time, punch temperature, and contact time, simulating industrial conditions in high-speed packaging. A short duration of water bath immersion (1\u20133 s) led to rapid moisture uptake (\u221220%), resulting in significantly improved formability. Compared to unconditioned samples, the maximum stretch increased by up to 3.5 percentage points. The process window identified (3.03 s dwell time; 70 \u00b0C punch temperature; 1.08 s contact time to punch) yielded a predicted stretch of 16.5%, representing a notable expansion of the material\u2019s geometric forming capacity. Regression analysis (R2 = 0.8946) confirmed the strong statistical significance of all parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18122894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T05:08:39Z","timestamp":1750309719000},"page":"2894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Influence of Moisture and Tool Temperature on the Maximum Stretch and Process Stability in High-Speed 3D Paper Forming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Heike","family":"Stotz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 70186 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Klauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 71254 Ditzingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Rauschnabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syntegon Technology GmbH, 71332 Waiblingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Hauptmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer IVV, 01189 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"\u00d6stlund, S. (2017). Three-dimensional Deformation and Damage Mechanisms in Forming of Advanced Structures in Paper. Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Oxford 2017, Trans. of the XVIth Fund. Res. Symp. Oxford, 2017, Fundamental Research Committee (FRC)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.10.026","article-title":"Combined effect of blank holding force and forming force on the quality of press-formed paperboard trays","volume":"17","author":"Leminen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5191","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.10.3.5191-5202","article-title":"Controlling the Folding of the Blank in Paperboard Tray Press Forming","volume":"10","author":"Tanninen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauptmann, M. (2017). 3D-forming of Paper Packaging. 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Trocknungstechnik\u2014Band 3: Trocknen und Trockner in der Produktion, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61534-4"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Stotz, H., Klauser, M., Albrecht, H., Vogt, L., Oberst, L., and Beck, M. (2022). Verfahren zu einer Vorkonditionierung von einer auf Fasermaterial basirenden Verpackungsmaterialbahn in einem Verpackungsprozess sowie Vorkonditioniervorrichtung zu einem Durchf\u00fchren des Verfahrens. (WO 2022\/258709 A1), Patent No."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2894\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:54:34Z","timestamp":1760032474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18122894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18122894","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]}}}