{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:13:32Z","timestamp":1789150412661,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Henan Province","award":["241111521200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241111521200"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Henan Province","award":["242300420063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242300420063"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Henan Province","award":["252300421796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300421796"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Henan Province","award":["252102321089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102321089"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan","award":["241111521200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241111521200"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan","award":["242300420063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242300420063"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan","award":["252300421796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300421796"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan","award":["252102321089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102321089"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan","award":["241111521200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241111521200"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan","award":["242300420063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242300420063"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan","award":["252300421796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300421796"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan","award":["252102321089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102321089"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Henan","award":["241111521200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241111521200"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Henan","award":["242300420063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242300420063"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Henan","award":["252300421796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300421796"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Henan","award":["252102321089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102321089"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the influence of the water\u2013cement ratio and erosion patterns on the deterioration of concrete in a sulfate corrosion environment, concrete specimens with different water\u2013cement ratios were immersed in Na2SO4 solutions of varying concentrations (0%, 5%, and 8%). The immersion times were set at 0 days, 30 days, 60 days, and 90 days. Macro-scale compressive strength tests and micro-scale performance tests were conducted to obtain the damage morphology, micro-scale elastic modulus, and hardness of eroded concrete. Additionally, K-means clustering analysis was used to analyze the micro-mineral phases of the specimens, and SEM and XRD were employed to reveal the degradation mechanisms of sulfate erosion on the microstructure of concrete. The results indicated that the erosion products of calcium aluminate and gypsum in concrete gradually increased with the increase in Na2SO4 solution concentration and immersion time. In the early stages of erosion, the compressive strength and corrosion resistance coefficient of concrete showed a temporary upward trend, which then decreased as the erosion depth increased. From a microstructural perspective, erosion had a significant impact on the internal structure of concrete, while the elastic modulus and hardness of hydrated calcium silicate and calcium hydroxide under erosion showed relatively minor changes, both exhibiting a gradual decrease. The volume fraction of microporous pores gradually increased, further exacerbating the depth and extent of erosion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18122904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T08:43:58Z","timestamp":1750322638000},"page":"2904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Study on the Micro-Mechanism of Corrosion Deterioration of Concrete Under Sulfate Attack Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yuzhou","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, China"},{"name":"Henan Mechanics and Engineering Structures Engineering Research Center, Zhengzhou 451197, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 451197, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Mechanics and Engineering Structures Engineering Research Center, Zhengzhou 451197, China"},{"name":"School of Architecture and Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 451197, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongchang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 451197, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 451197, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7977-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brunel University of London, London UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"A Review on the Durability of Concrete in Chloride and Sulfate Environments","volume":"1","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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Soc."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2904\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:55:02Z","timestamp":1760032502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2904"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18122904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18122904","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}}}