{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:03:06Z","timestamp":1791831786313,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the effect of post-printing polymerization time on residual monomer elution and water sorption in a 3D-printed resin composite. Eighty samples were fabricated and assigned to four groups based on post-curing duration: 0, 20, 40, and 60 min. Each group was subdivided according to two storage conditions (distilled water and 75% ethanol\u2013water solution), and evaluated at 1 and 7 days. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantified eluted monomers. Additionally, 40 specimens underwent a 4-month sorption\/desorption cycle for water sorption and solubility assessment. Data were statistically analyzed using kernel regression (monomer data) and Welch ANOVA (water sorption and solubility) at a significance level of p &lt; 0.05. BisEMA was the only monomer detected, with significantly higher elution recorded in ethanol-based storage. Increasing post-curing time notably reduced both monomer release and water sorption\/solubility (p &lt; 0.001); however, the optimal results were observed at 40 min post-curing. These findings suggest that extending post-curing beyond an optimal threshold does not further improve composite properties, underscoring the importance of identifying precise curing parameters in order to enhance durability and material performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18122905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T08:43:58Z","timestamp":1750322638000},"page":"2905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Influence of Post-Printing Polymerization Time on the Elution of Residual Monomers and Water Sorption of 3D-Printed Resin Composite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shaima","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Aljouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8890-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alshabib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamad","family":"Algamaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2200-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muath","family":"Aldosari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1559-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2010.10.020","article-title":"Resin composite\u2014State of the art","volume":"27","author":"Ferracane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402012000500007","article-title":"Monomers used in resin composites: Degree of conversion, mechanical properties and water sorption\/solubility","volume":"23","author":"Bociong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiertelak-Maka\u0142a, K., Szymczak-Pajor, I., Bociong, K., and \u015aliwi\u0144ska, A. (2023). Considerations about Cytotoxicity of Resin-Based Composite Dental Materials: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010152"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2019.29","article-title":"Craig\u2019s restorative dental materials","volume":"226","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.05.001","article-title":"How much do resin-based dental materials release? A meta-analytical approach","volume":"27","author":"Nawrot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.11.005","article-title":"Progress in dimethacrylate-based dental composite technology and curing efficiency","volume":"29","author":"Leprince","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.05.005","article-title":"Hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects in dental polymer networks","volume":"22","author":"Ferracane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00380-0","article-title":"Study of water sorption, solubility and modulus of elasticity of light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins","volume":"24","author":"Sideridou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wulff, J., Merle, C.L., Hahnel, S., and Rosentritt, M. (2024). Wear Behavior and Water Sorption of Additively Manufactured Resin-Based Splint Materials. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17235880"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad, M.M., Alshehri, S.Z., Alhamid, S.A., Albarrak, A., Khan, S.Q., Alshahrani, F.A., and Alqarawi, F.K. (2022). Water Sorption, Solubility, and Translucency of 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins. Dent. J., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10030042"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrova, M., Vlahova, A., Hristov, I., Kazakova, R., Chuchulska, B., Kazakov, S., Forte, M., Granberg, V., Barile, G., and Capodiferro, S. (2023). Evaluation of Water Sorption and Solubility of 3D-Printed, CAD\/CAM Milled, and PMMA Denture Base Materials Subjected to Artificial Aging. J. Compos. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs7080339"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, S., Sayed, M.E., Shetty, M., Alqahtani, S.M., Al Wadei, M.H.D., Gupta, S.G., Othman, A.A.A., Alshehri, A.H., Alqarni, H., and Mobarki, A.H. (2022). Physical and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Provisional Crowns and Fixed Dental Prosthesis Resins Compared to CAD\/CAM Milled and Conventional Provisional Resins: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132691"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassanpour, M., Narongdej, P., Alterman, N., Moghtadernejad, S., and Barjasteh, E. (2024). Effects of Post-Processing Parameters on 3D-Printed Dental Appliances: A Review. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16192795"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.10.011","article-title":"Effect of post-curing light exposure time on the physico\u2013mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of 3D-printed denture base material","volume":"38","author":"Aati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-023-06729-z","article-title":"Degree of conversion and residual monomer elution of 3D-printed, milled and self-cured resin-based composite materials for temporary dental crowns and bridges","volume":"34","author":"Berghaus","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.01.024","article-title":"Elution behavior of a 3D-printed, milled and conventional resin-based occlusal splint material","volume":"37","author":"Wedekind","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.09.002","article-title":"Monomer release from surgical guide resins manufactured with different 3D printing devices","volume":"36","author":"Kessler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13371","article-title":"Advances in Dental Restorations: A Comprehensive Review of Machinable and 3D-Printed Ceramic-Reinforced Composites","volume":"37","author":"Duarte","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2010). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 13: Identification and Quantification of Degradation Products from Polymeric Medical Devices (Standard No. ISO 10993-13:2010)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Formlabs GmbH (2020). Safety Data Sheet: Permanent Crown A2, A3, B1, C2, Formlabs GmbH."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105565","article-title":"In vitro analysis of composition profiles of resins for 3D printing of dentures","volume":"154","author":"Penzenstadler","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C18","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2014.75.Sup2.C18","article-title":"High performance liquid chromatography","volume":"75","author":"Blum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barszczewska-Rybarek, I.M. (2019). A Guide through the Dental Dimethacrylate Polymer Network Structural Characterization and Interpretation of Physico-Mechanical Properties. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244057"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (2025, June 18). EVA00130\u2014Evaluation Statement, Available online: https:\/\/www.industrialchemicals.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-06\/EVA00130%20-%20Evaluation%20Statement%20-%2026%20June%202024.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8031230","article-title":"Comparative Study of Structure-Property Relationships in Polymer Networks Based on Bis-GMA, TEGDMA and Various Urethane-Dimethacrylates","volume":"8","author":"Jurczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.09.078","article-title":"Thermal expansion characteristics of light-cured dental resins and resin composites","volume":"25","author":"Sideridou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mj\u00f8sund, H., and Wikant, A. (2012). The Influence of the Bis-EMA Content on the Sorption and Solubility of Dental Composite Resins, Universitetet i Troms\u00f8."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, S., Zhu, W., Liu, F., and He, J. (2016). Preparation of a Bis-GMA-Free Dental Resin System with Synthesized Fluorinated Dimethacrylate Monomers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122014"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dressano, D., Salvador, M.V., Oliveira, M.T., Marchi, G.M., Fronza, B.M., Hadis, M., Palin, W.M., and Lima, A.F. (2020). Chemistry of novel and contemporary resin-based dental adhesives. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 110.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103875"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tichy, A., Simkova, M., Vrbova, R., Roubickova, A., Duskova, M., and Bradna, P. (2021). Bisphenol A Release from Dental Composites and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomers under Two Polymerization Conditions. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14010046"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.03.005","article-title":"Bisphenol A as degradation product of monomers used in resin-based dental materials","volume":"37","author":"Duca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"American Dental Association (2025, June 18). Bisphenol A. ADA Library & Archives. Available online: https:\/\/www.ada.org\/resources\/research\/science-and-research-institute\/oral-health-topics\/bisphenol-a."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"89","article-title":"Bisphenol A release from commercially available 3-dimensionally printed resins and human cell apoptosis to bisphenol A: An in-vitro study","volume":"47","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"S295","article-title":"Dental Composites\u2014A Low-Dose Source of Bisphenol A?","volume":"69","author":"Bradna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34843","article-title":"An integrative review on the toxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) released from resin composites used in dentistry","volume":"109","author":"Henriques","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"100159","article-title":"Additive manufacturing technologies with emphasis on stereolithography 3D printing in pharmaceutical and medical applications: A review","volume":"5","author":"Lakkala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-022-00336-0","article-title":"Additive manufacturing by digital light processing: A review","volume":"8","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007173","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202007173","article-title":"Reprintable Polymers for Digital Light Processing 3D Printing","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood, A., Perveen, F., Chen, S., Akram, T., and Irfan, A. (2024). Polymer Composites in 3D\/4D Printing: Materials, Advances, and Prospects. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29020319"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.09.018","article-title":"3D printing with polymers: Challenges among expanding options and opportunities","volume":"32","author":"Stansbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaukat, U., Rossegger, E., and Schl\u00f6gl, S. (2022). A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14122449"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Francos, X., Konuray, O., Ramis, X., Serra, \u00c0., and De la Flor, S. (2020). Enhancement of 3D-Printable Materials by Dual-Curing Procedures. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14010107"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617407","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/617407","article-title":"Elution of Monomers from Provisional Composite Materials","volume":"2015","author":"Schulz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.01.016","article-title":"Release and protein binding of components from resin based composites in native saliva and other extraction media","volume":"31","author":"Rothmund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decker, C., Masson, F., and Bianchi, C. (2003). Kinetic Study of Photoinitiated Polymerization Reactions by Real-Time Infrared Spectroscopy. In Situ Spectroscopy of Monomer and Polymer Synthesis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0125-1_7"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2905\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:54:58Z","timestamp":1760032498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2905"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18122905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18122905","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}}}