{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:34:00Z","timestamp":1790361240089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology of R.O.C. (Taiwan)","award":["SXD1300412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXD1300412"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a one-pot, ultrasonic-assisted solvothermal method was successfully employed to prepare three copper-containing compounds: copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (Cu3(BTC)2), copper powder, and copper-metalized activated carbon (Cu@AC). This method is efficient and safe and has potential for use in scalable production. The characteristics of the resulting products were analyzed using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific surface area measurement along with pore size distribution, and thermogravimetric analysis\u2013differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). Additionally, the catalytic effects of these products on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) were evaluated. All three substances were found to lower the thermal decomposition temperature of AP and enhance heat release. Cu3(BTC)2 demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance and compatibility with AP, as shown using the vacuum stability test (VST). The thermal analysis results indicated that the thermal decomposition temperature and apparent activation energy of AP decreased from ~442 \u00b0C to around 340 \u00b0C and from ~207 kJ mol\u22121 to approximately 128 kJ mol\u22121, respectively, when 3 wt% Cu3(BTC)2 was contained in AP. Moreover, the heat released via the exothermic decomposition of AP increased from 740 J g\u22121 to1716 J g\u22121. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed based on the evolved gas analysis (EGA) findings to explain the observed catalytic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18132928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T06:50:45Z","timestamp":1750402245000},"page":"2928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preparation of Cu-Containing Substances via an Ultrasonic-Assisted Solvothermal Approach and Their Catalytic Effects on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8157-8012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Hsiung","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Materials Science and Technology, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu 304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pin-Hsien","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 335, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1229-3771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Shuh","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan 335, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Jun","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Materials Science and Technology, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu 304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, J.P. (2010). High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Wiley-VCH. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527628803"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, E.W. (2022). Encyclopedia of Oxidizers, De Gruyter. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110750294"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Wexler, P. (2005). Ammonium Perchloride. Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2016.08.002","article-title":"Catalytic effects of nano additives on decomposition and combustion of RDX-, HMX-, and AP-based energetic compositions","volume":"57","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combus. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2005.11.038","article-title":"Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate","volume":"443","author":"Boldyrev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/prep.200400026","article-title":"Effects of Nanometer Ni, Cu, Al and NiCu Powders on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Propellants Explos. Pyrotech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/prep.200900093","article-title":"Recent Research Progress in Burning Rate Catalysts","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Propellants Explos. Pyrotech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jorganchem.2013.12.052","article-title":"Recent research progress in the synthesis and properties of burning rate catalysts based on ferrocene-containing polymers and derivatives","volume":"755","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Guo, X., Zhao, W., Fang, H., Wu, C., and Wang, D. (2021). Enhanced decomposition of laminated ammonium perchlorate composite. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01994-w"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"124","article-title":"Nano or micro? A mechanism on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate catalyzed by cobalt oxalate","volume":"225\u2013226","author":"Zao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpc.2021.11.011","article-title":"Experimental investigation of erosion rate of insulation materials using hybrid rockets","volume":"1","author":"Vaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"FirePhysChem"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpc.2021.04.005","article-title":"Novel energetic CNO oxidizer: Pernitro-substituted pyrazolyl-furazan framework","volume":"1","author":"Dalinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"FirePhysChem"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2021.105372","article-title":"In situ synthesis and catalytic decomposition mechanism of CuFe2O4\/g-C3N4 nanocomposite on AP and RDX","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2008.01.011","article-title":"Synthesis of Ni nanoparticles and their catalytic effect on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate","volume":"208","author":"Duan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2020.178720","article-title":"Decomposition of ammonium perchlorate: Exploring catalytic activity of nanocomposites based on nano Cu\/Cu2O dispersed on graphitic carbon nitride","volume":"691","author":"Chandrababu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thermovhim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"436","article-title":"The Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate-Aluminum Propellants in Presence of Metallic Zinc Particles","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Song, X. (2025). Aluminum Microspheres Coated with Copper and Nickel Nanoparticles: Catalytic Activity in the Combustion of Ammonium Perchlorate. Catalysts, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15040354"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2013.09.005","article-title":"Bi-metallic nanocomposites of Mn with very high catalytic activity for burning rate enhancement of composite solid propellants","volume":"572","author":"Dubey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thermovhim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/prep.200600060","article-title":"Effect of Fe2O3 in Fe2O3\/AP Composite Particles on Thermal Decomposition of AP and on Burning Rate of the Composite Propellant","volume":"31","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Propellants Explos. Pyrotech."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"135","article-title":"Catalytic activity of Cu2O micro-particles with different morphologies in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate","volume":"542","author":"Heng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thermovhim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2014.08.014","article-title":"Pure CuCr2O4 nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and their morphological and size effects on the catalytic thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate","volume":"37","author":"Hosseini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.0c03878","article-title":"Exploring the Roles of ZIF-67 as an Energetic Additive in the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2024.104281","article-title":"Microflower-like Fe-Co-MOF with enhanced catalytic performance for decomposition of ammonium perchlorate and combustion of ammonium perchlorate-based composite propellants","volume":"56","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-022-02353-6","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of the Flexible Iron-based MIL-88B Metal-Organic Framework for Advanced Energetic Systems","volume":"32","author":"Zorainy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, B., Yang, X., Dou, J., Duan, B., Lu, X., and Liu, N. (2022). Research progress of EMOFs-based burning rate catalysts for solid propellants. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1032163"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2021.122622","article-title":"Novel energetic coordination compound [Cu(AT)4]Cl2 for catalytic thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate","volume":"304","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2020.10.035","article-title":"Application of 3D energetic metal-organic frameworks containing Cu as the combustion catalyst to composite solid propellant","volume":"225","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gany, A., and Fu, X. (2021, January 19\u201320). Catalytic Performances of rGO-MFe2O4 (M=Ni, Co and Zn) for Pyrolysis of Ammonium Perchlorate. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Development and Application of Carbon Nanomaterials in Energetic Materials, Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-023-00767-5","article-title":"Graphene oxide\u2013supported Cu\/Co nano-catalysts for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate composites","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2023.01.016","article-title":"Progress on the application of graphene-based composites toward energetic materials: A review","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22806","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA03772F","article-title":"Preparation of different morphology Cu\/GO nanocomposites and their catalytic performance for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.216438","article-title":"An overview on copper in industrial chemistry: From ancient pigment to modern catalysis","volume":"529","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Xu, D., Wu, Q., and Diao, P. (2016). Cu2O\/CuO Bilayered Composite as a High-Efficiency Photocathode for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35158"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2023.101258","article-title":"Nano-sized copper particles: Chemical synthesis, characterization, and their size and surface charge dependent antibacterial potential","volume":"7","author":"Khatoon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.07.020","article-title":"Mapping the Cu-BTC metal\u2013organic framework (HKUST-1) stability envelope in the presence of water vapour for CO2 adsorption from flue gases","volume":"281","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1039\/jm9930300627","article-title":"Controlled nucleation and growth of micrometer-size copper particles prepared by the polyol process","volume":"3","author":"Fievet","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2006.12.004","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted crystallization (sonocrystallization)","volume":"14","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2022.02.019","article-title":"Sonochemical synthesis of photocatalysts and their applications","volume":"123","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35282F","article-title":"Sonochemical synthesis of nanomaterials","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2008.09.010","article-title":"Ultrasonic synthesis of the microporous metal-organic framework Cu3(BTC)2 at ambient temperature and pressure: An efficient and environmentally friendly method","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2018.08.002","article-title":"High efficiency synthesis of HKUST-1 under mild conditions with high BET surface area and CO2 uptake capacity","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reverberi, A.P., Salerno, M., Lauciello, S., and Fabiano, B. (2016). Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles in Ethylene Glycol by Chemical Reduction with Vanadium (+2) Salts. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9100809"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2004.07.008","article-title":"Rapid synthesis of copper nanoparticles by sodium hypophosphite reduction in ethylene glycol under microwave irradiation","volume":"270","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/prep.201900078","article-title":"Study on Thermal Characteristics of TNT Based Melt-Cast Explosives","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Propellants Explos. Pyrotech."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2001). Department of Defense Test Method Standard: Safety and Performance Tests for the Qualification of Explosives (High explosives, Propellants, and Pyrotechnics) (Standard No. MIL-STD-1751 A)."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T.-M., Lai, J.-T., Li, W.-H., Peng, C.-H., and Lu, K.-T. (2023). Study on synthesis and characterization of spherical copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1). Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 48.","DOI":"10.1002\/prep.202300226"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2860","article-title":"Exploring MOF-199 composites as redox-active materials for hybrid battery-supercapacitor devices","volume":"13","author":"Iqbal","year":"2023","journal-title":"ROC Adv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2008.10.035","article-title":"Microwave synthesis of hybrid inorganic\u2013organic materials including porous Cu3(BTC)2 from Cu(II)-trimesate mixture","volume":"119","author":"Seo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-008-9200-2","article-title":"Kissinger kinetic analysis of data obtained under different heating schedules","volume":"94","author":"Criado","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01911411","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of derivative curves in thermal analysis","volume":"2","author":"Ozawa","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25631","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c03712","article-title":"From MOF-199 Microrods to CuO Nanoparticles for Room-Temperature Desulfurization: Regeneration and Repurposing Spent Adsorbents as Sustainable Approaches","volume":"6","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Cullity, B.D., and Stock, S.R. (2001). Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, Prentice-Hall. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.07.033","article-title":"Enhanced thermal decomposition properties of ammonium perchlorate through addition of 3DOM core-shell Fe2O3\/Co3O4 composite","volume":"724","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CE05858D","article-title":"A facile one-step method to produce Ni\/graphene nanocomposites and their application to the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.02.011","article-title":"Effects of different phases of MnO2 nanorods on the catalytic thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96777","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA20155A","article-title":"A facile one-step route for production of CuO, NiO, and CuO\u2013NiO nanoparticles and comparison of their catalytic activity for ammonium perchlorate decomposition","volume":"5","author":"Hosseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2022.102317","article-title":"Thermal decomposition reaction mechanism and combustion performance of AlH3\/AP energetic composite","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.08.159","article-title":"Optical, structural and phase transition properties of Cu2O, CuO and Cu2O\/CuO: Their photoelectrochemical sensor applications","volume":"44","author":"Bulut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012002","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1033\/1\/012002","article-title":"Numerical analysis and optimization of Cu2O\/TiO2, CuO\/TiO2, heterojunction solar cells using SCAPS","volume":"1033","author":"Wisz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007285","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007285","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting Using CuO-Based Electrodes for Hydrogen Production: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Moakhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khiavi, N.D., Katal, R., Eshkalak, S.K., Masudy-Panah, S., Ramakrishna, S., and Hu, J. (2019). Visible Light Driven Heterojunction Photocatalyst of CuO-Cu2O Thin Films for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9071011"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.106648","article-title":"The effect of oxygen vacancy defects in nano-CuO1-x on its catalytic properties in ammonium perchlorate thermal decomposition","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1021\/j100812a030","article-title":"The Thermal Decomposition of Perchloric Acid Vapor","volume":"66","author":"Levy","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Dean, J.A. (1992). Lange\u2019s Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill. [14th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/13\/2928\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:55:38Z","timestamp":1760032538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/13\/2928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18132928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18132928","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]}}}