{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:54:17Z","timestamp":1787028857477,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Incremental sheet forming technology is finding increasing application in the production of components in many industries. This article presents the analysis of the formability of 0.68-mm-thick Zn-Cu-Ti alloy sheets during the single-point incremental forming (SPIF) of pyramid-shaped drawpieces. Basic mechanical properties of sheets were determined in a uniaxial tensile test. Formability tests were carried out using the Erichsen and Fukui methods. SPIF tests were carried out under the conditions of variable process parameters: tool diameter (12 and 20 mm), feed rate (500\u20133000 mm\/min), tool rotational speed (250\u20133000 rpm), and step size (0.1\u20131.2 mm). The effect of SPIF process parameters on the value of basic mechanical parameters, maximum deviation of the measured wall profile from the ideal profile, limit-forming angle, and surface roughness of pyramid-shaped drawpieces was determined. It was found that increasing the step size resulted in a decrease in the value of the limit-forming angle. Both the step size and the tool rotational speed contribute to the increase of the maximum wall deviation. However, the use of higher feed rates and a larger tool diameter caused its reduction. Higher values of arithmetic mean surface roughness Ra were found for the outer surface of drawpieces. The use of a smaller step size with a larger tool diameter caused a reduction in the Ra value of the drawpiece wall. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the Zn-Cu-Ti alloy demonstrates good suitability for SPIF when proper process parameters and sheet orientation are selected. An appropriate combination of tool diameter, feed rate, step size, and sample orientation can ensure the desired balance between dimensional accuracy, mechanical strength, and surface quality of the formed components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18133078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T11:37:51Z","timestamp":1751283471000},"page":"3078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization of Hexagonal Close-Packed Zn-Cu-Ti Alloy Pyramid Drawpieces in Single-Point Incremental Sheet Forming Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0253-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Kuczek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metal Working and Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6541-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"\u017baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metal Working and Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4366-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Trzepieci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powst. Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Balcerzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metal Working and Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0867-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edt","family":"Nov\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technick\u00e1 4, 166 07 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, S., Xu, P., Li, X., Li, Y., Han, K., and Li, D. 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