{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:28:42Z","timestamp":1760059722141,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu","award":["LBUS-IRG-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBUS-IRG-2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study provides a systematic comparison of three types of phosphate coatings, applied by identical immersion phosphating processes and tested under two different environmental conditions representative of real industrial scenarios. The focus of this study is the investigation of the corrosion behaviour of zinc, magnesium, and manganese phosphate coatings on reinforcing steel in two different corrosion environments: river water and seawater. The phosphate coatings were obtained via the immersion phosphating technique. Various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), potentiodynamic polarization curve (PDP) testing, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were used to evaluate the morphology and corrosion resistance of the coatings. The overall corrosion protection performance of the coatings followed the order of Zn phosphate &gt; Mn phosphate &gt; Mg phosphate. The results indicate that the samples with the Zn-phosphated coating showing the highest improvement. This coating showed no major morphological changes and achieved significantly reduced corrosion rates\u20140.258 \u00b5m\/year in river water and 3.060 \u00b5m\/year in seawater\u2014compared to the typical corrosion rate of uncoated steel, which is about 45 \u00b5m\/year. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of Zn phosphate coatings in mitigating corrosion in both river water and marine conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18133126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T10:45:08Z","timestamp":1751366708000},"page":"3126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Zinc, Magnesium, and Manganese Phosphate Coatings on the Corrosion Behaviour of Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8268-5530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alin-Marian","family":"Cazac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 67 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5467-9114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian-Ionel","family":"Cioca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 10 Victoriei Blvd., 550024 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7308-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petru","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 67 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4233-5231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheorghe","family":"Badarau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 67 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicanor","family":"Cimpoesu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 67 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0680-9885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana-Petronela","family":"Burduhos-Nergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 67 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2275-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pompilica","family":"Iagaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 7-9 dr. Ion Ratiu Street, 550012 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5128-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona","family":"Cimpoesu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 67 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0815-8770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Cazac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 67 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1973-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costica","family":"Bejinariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 67 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7542-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Milea (P\u00e2rvu)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 10 Victoriei Blvd., 550024 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazar, P., Cimpoesu, N., Istrate, B., Cazac, A.M., Burduhos-Nergis, D.-P., Benchea, M., Berbecaru, A.C., Badarau, G., Vasilescu, G.D., and Popa, M. (2024). Microstructural and mechanical properties analysis of phosphate layers deposited on steel rebars for civil constructions. Coatings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14020182"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mehta, K., and Monteiro, P. (2014). Concrete: Microstructure, Properties and Materials, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.08.003","article-title":"Characterization of steel rebars embedded in a 70-year old concrete structure","volume":"42","author":"Reinoso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0899-1561(2000)12:1(8)","article-title":"Developments in cathodic protection applied to reinforced concrete","volume":"12","author":"Page","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.10.013","article-title":"Corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete: State of the art report","volume":"22","author":"Richardson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2008.01.091","article-title":"Carbon steel passivity examined in alkaline solutions: The effect of chloride and nitrite ions","volume":"53","author":"Valcarce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Corrosion inhibitors in concrete. Part I: The principles","volume":"28","author":"Hansson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C555","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0641510jes","article-title":"Synergistic inhibition effect of sodium tungstate and hexamethylene tetramine on reinforcing steel corrosion","volume":"162","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1179\/174327806X120775","article-title":"Corrosion protection of steel reinforcement by a pretreatment in phosphate solutions: Assessment of passivity by electrochemical techniques","volume":"41","author":"Etteyeb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.002","article-title":"Effects of phosphate on the chloride-induced corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in mortars","volume":"45","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Elsener, B. (2001). Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Concrete. State of the Art Report, Maney Publishing."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1179\/147842208X386313","article-title":"Effectiveness of pretreatment method to hinder rebar corrosion in concrete","volume":"45","author":"Etteyeb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.099","article-title":"Effect of Na3PO4 addition in mortar on stee reinforcement corrosion behavior in 3% NaCl solution","volume":"78","author":"Nahali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2013.06.005","article-title":"Comparative study of three sodium phosphates as corrosion inhibitors for steel reinforcements","volume":"43","author":"Bastidas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.115","article-title":"Inhibitor evaluation in different simulated concrete pore solution for the, protection of steel rebars","volume":"124","author":"Verbruggen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsener, B. (2000, January 25\u201328). Corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete. Proceedings of the Materials Week, International Congress on Advanced Materials, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527619306.ch17"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertolini, L., Elsener, B., Pedeferri, P., Redaelli, E., and Polder, R.B. (2013). Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Prevention, Diagnosis, Repair, John Wiley & Sons Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527651696"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1149\/2.006206jes","article-title":"The role of chloride, nitrite and carbonate ions on carbon steel passivity studied in simulating concrete pore solutions","volume":"159","author":"Valcarce","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2011.01.069","article-title":"Impedance study on calcium nitrite as a penetrating corrosion inhibitor for steel in concrete","volume":"56","author":"Kuziak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Phosphate Conversion Coating\u2014A Short Review","volume":"68","author":"Sandu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2004.07.129","article-title":"Formation of Zn\u2013Ni alloys in the phosphating of Zn layers","volume":"197","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2008.10.026","article-title":"Evaluation of porosity and discontinuities in zinc phosphate coating by means of voltametric anodic dissolution (VAD)","volume":"203","author":"Banczek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(99)00659-3","article-title":"Porosity evaluation of protective coatings onto steel, through electrochemical techniques","volume":"130","author":"Creus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2014.08.002","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of Mg\u2013Gd\u2013Zn based alloys in aqueous NaCl solution","volume":"2","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, Y.A., Menezes, I., Bonatti, R.S., Bortolozo, A.D., and Os\u00f3rio, W.R. (2022). EIS Investigation of the Corrosion Behavior of Steel Bars Embedded into Modified Concretes with Eggshell Contents. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12030417"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/13\/3126\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:02:39Z","timestamp":1760032959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/13\/3126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18133126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18133126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}}}