{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:24:36Z","timestamp":1790828676705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH-NIDCR","award":["R56 DE025001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 DE025001"]}]},{"name":"NIH-NIDCR","award":["IFA ELI-RO 15\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFA ELI-RO 15\/2024"]}]},{"name":"NIH-NIDCR","award":["30N\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30N\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Romanian projects","award":["R56 DE025001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 DE025001"]}]},{"name":"Romanian projects","award":["IFA ELI-RO 15\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFA ELI-RO 15\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Romanian projects","award":["30N\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30N\/2023"]}]},{"name":"NUCLEU LAPLAS VII-contract","award":["R56 DE025001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 DE025001"]}]},{"name":"NUCLEU LAPLAS VII-contract","award":["IFA ELI-RO 15\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFA ELI-RO 15\/2024"]}]},{"name":"NUCLEU LAPLAS VII-contract","award":["30N\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30N\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The stability of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as a dental implant material is highly dependent on its resistance to low-temperature degradation (LTD) and surface dissolution, particularly in acidic oral environments. This study investigates the effects of yttrium ion (Y3+) release on the phase stability of zirconia during constant immersion and pH cycling tests, simulating oral conditions. Zirconia disks were immersed in acidic (pH 2), neutral (pH 7), and basic (pH 10) solutions over a 27-day period. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis revealed significant yttrium ion release during acidic phases, while zirconium ion (Zr4+) release remained minimal. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed a shift in zirconium 3d binding energies, indicating a transformation from the tetragonal to the monoclinic phase, driven by yttrium leaching. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed this phase change, with the appearance of the monoclinic (111) peak after exposure to acidic conditions. This study concludes that yttrium ion depletion under acidic conditions destabilizes the tetragonal phase, promoting LTD and compromising the material\u2019s long-term performance as a dental implant or restorative material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18143311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T09:56:54Z","timestamp":1752487014000},"page":"3311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Yttrium Ion Release and Phase Transformation in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Under Acidic Conditions: Implications for Dental Implant Durability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Haochen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0447-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Ching","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Craciun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Griffin M.","family":"Deane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9234-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3642-8087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine F.","family":"Esquivel-Upshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2016.02.002","article-title":"Dental Implants: A Review","volume":"100","author":"Guillaume","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morphologie"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.158014","article-title":"Zirconia in Dental Implantology: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Apratim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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