{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:32:30Z","timestamp":1793395950894,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52165043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52165043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GXXT-2023-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2023-025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GXXT-2023-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2023-026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT2021B001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2021B001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022CJPT019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CJPT019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province","award":["52165043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52165043"]}]},{"name":"The University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province","award":["GXXT-2023-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2023-025"]}]},{"name":"The University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province","award":["GXXT-2023-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2023-026"]}]},{"name":"The University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province","award":["PT2021B001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2021B001"]}]},{"name":"The University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province","award":["2022CJPT019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CJPT019"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Laser Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Precision Machining Engineering Technology Research Center","award":["52165043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52165043"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Laser Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Precision Machining Engineering Technology Research Center","award":["GXXT-2023-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2023-025"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Laser Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Precision Machining Engineering Technology Research Center","award":["GXXT-2023-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2023-026"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Laser Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Precision Machining Engineering Technology Research Center","award":["PT2021B001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2021B001"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Laser Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Precision Machining Engineering Technology Research Center","award":["2022CJPT019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CJPT019"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Precision Manufacturing and Intelligent Industry Education Integration Innovation Platform","award":["52165043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52165043"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Precision Manufacturing and Intelligent Industry Education Integration Innovation Platform","award":["GXXT-2023-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2023-025"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Precision Manufacturing and Intelligent Industry Education Integration Innovation Platform","award":["GXXT-2023-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2023-026"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Precision Manufacturing and Intelligent Industry Education Integration Innovation Platform","award":["PT2021B001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2021B001"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Precision Manufacturing and Intelligent Industry Education Integration Innovation Platform","award":["2022CJPT019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CJPT019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnesium (Mg) alloys have demonstrated tremendous potential in biomedical applications, emerging as promising metallic biomaterials due to their biocompatibility, degradability, and favorable mechanical properties. However, their practical implementation faces significant limitations stemming from mechanical performance degradation and premature fracture failure caused by complex physiological interactions, including flow erosion, corrosion fatigue, stress coupling effects, and dynamic wear under bodily conditions. Surface coating technology has been recognized as an effective strategy to prevent direct contact between magnesium substrates and corrosive media. This review systematically examines the fundamental degradation mechanisms of magnesium alloys in both vivo and vitro environments, presents recent advances in surface modification coatings for magnesium alloys, and critically analyses the interaction mechanisms between modified layers and electrolyte solutions. Special emphasis is placed on revealing the formation mechanisms, structural characteristics, and fracture behaviors of conversion coatings. Furthermore, the study discusses the current challenges in biomedical surface modification of magnesium alloys, proposes potential solutions to enhance their clinical applicability, and outlines future research directions to fully exploit the development potential of these advanced biomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18143411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1753094131000},"page":"3411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Surface Coatings on Biomedical Magnesium Alloys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jiapeng","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Manufacturing and Equipment School, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Manufacturing and Equipment School, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8794-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongling University, Tongling 244000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cijun","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Manufacturing and Equipment School, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongling University, Tongling 244000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.12.004","article-title":"In vitro studies of biomedical magnesium alloys in a simulated physiological environment: A review","volume":"7","author":"Xin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108259","article-title":"Mg bone implant: Features, developments and perspectives","volume":"185","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2005.01.010","article-title":"Electrochemical behavior of anodized Mg alloy AZ91D in chloride containing aqueous solution","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2016.1210522","article-title":"System development, formability quality and microstructure evolution of selective laser-melted magnesium","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90346-9","article-title":"Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids","volume":"102","author":"Trumbo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Research Progress in Bioresorbable Magnesium Scaffolds","volume":"53","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"78","article-title":"Research Progress on Corrosion Behavior and Mechanism of Magnesium Alloys","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Corros. Sci. Prot. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"107","article-title":"Research and Progress on Galvanic Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys","volume":"2008","author":"Zeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Biomedical magnesium alloys: Composition, microstructure and corrosion","volume":"54","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Metal. Sin."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cossms.2009.04.001","article-title":"Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion","volume":"12","author":"Witte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"100022","article-title":"Smart self-healing coatings on biomedical magnesium alloys: A review","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Progress in Surface Modification of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys for Biomedical Application","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chin. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"050012","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0216028","article-title":"Advances in magnesium alloys and coatings for biomedical applications: A comprehensive review","volume":"3122","author":"Gholap","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000213","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202000213","article-title":"Progress in Research on Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32224","article-title":"Degradable metallic biomaterials: Design and development of Fe\u2013Mn alloys for stents","volume":"93A","author":"Hermawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.02.254","article-title":"An environment-friendly phosphate chemical conversion coating on novel Mg-9Li-7Al-1Sn and Mg-9Li-5Al-3Sn-1Zn alloys with remarkable corrosion protection","volume":"443","author":"Maurya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.108980","article-title":"Microstructure-corrosion behaviour relationship of micro-alloyed Mg-0.5Zn alloy with the addition of Ca, Sr, Ag, In and Cu","volume":"195","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wang, X., Pei, J., Tian, Y., Zhang, J., Jiang, C., Huang, J., Pang, Z., Cao, Y., and Wang, X. (2020). Degradation and osteogenic induction of a SrHPO4-coated Mg\u2013Nd\u2013Zn\u2013Zr alloy intramedullary nail in a rat femoral shaft fracture model. Biomaterials, 247.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119962"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.155792","article-title":"Influence of Zirconium (Zr) on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of biodegradable zinc-magnesium alloys","volume":"840","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.03.028","article-title":"Degradation of Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy intestinal stent and its effect on the growth of intestinal endothelial tissue in rabbit model","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.02.018","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo studies on a Mg\u2013Sr binary alloy system developed as a new kind of biodegradable metal","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.09.005","article-title":"A comprehensive review on biocompatible Mg-based alloys as temporary orthopaedic implants: Current status, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"10","author":"Bairagi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"15","article-title":"Research Progress in Application and Surface Modification of Medical Degradable Magnesium Alloys","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"277","article-title":"Research progress on corrosion resistance of metallic glasses","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chin. Soc. Corros. Prot."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"73","article-title":"The influence of adding Nd on the amorphous formation ability and corrosion resistance of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2016.03.003","article-title":"Corrosion fatigue behavior of a Mg-based bulk metallic glass in a simulated physiological environment","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.07.042","article-title":"Effects of Zn on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg\u2013Zn alloys","volume":"32","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.153462","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on microstructure, mechanical, corrosion and biocompatibility of Mg-Zn-Zr-Gd-Nd alloy","volume":"821","author":"Jana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126521","article-title":"Magnesium alloys for biomedical application: Advanced corrosion control through surface coating","volume":"405","author":"Heimann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"104","article-title":"Recent progress on coatings of biomedical magnesium alloy","volume":"3","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300658","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202300658","article-title":"Composite Nanocoatings of Biomedical Magnesium Alloy Implants: Advantages, Mechanisms, and Design Strategies","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.12.418","article-title":"Biodegradable behavior of the micro-arc oxidation coating with micro-nano structure formed by femtosecond laser on magnesium alloy AZ31B","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.03.025","article-title":"Polyethylenimine\/kappa carrageenan: Micro-arc oxidation coating for passivation of magnesium alloy","volume":"167","author":"Golshirazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2020.04.009","article-title":"Properties of polydimethylsiloxane hydrophobic modified duplex microarc oxidation\/diamond-like carbon coatings on AZ31B Mg alloy","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Xu, Y., Liu, L., Lei, Q., Dong, J., and Zhang, T. (2023). Preparation of Conductive and Corrosion Resistant Phosphate Conversion Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13101706"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzikov\u00e1, J., Fintov\u00e1, S., Kaj\u00e1nek, D., Florkov\u00e1, Z., Wasserbauer, J., and Dole\u017eal, P. (2021). Characterization and Corrosion Properties of Fluoride Conversion Coating Prepared on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11060675"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2025.109055","article-title":"Robust superhydrophobic mg alloys integrating hydrothermal processing with TA-APTES\/PDMS coatings for synergistically enhanced corrosion protection","volume":"200","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.09.206","article-title":"Biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings on pure Mg and their physiological corrosion behavior","volume":"48","author":"Barranco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2021.128033","article-title":"Polyphosphate assisted hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite coating on Mg alloys: Enhanced mechanical properties and corrosion resistance","volume":"432","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126091","article-title":"Realization and characterization of double-layer Ca-P coating on WE43 Mg alloy for biomedical applications","volume":"398","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2018.06.017","article-title":"Fabrication of calcium phosphate coating on pure magnesium substrate via simple chemical conversion coating: Surface properties and corrosion performance evaluations","volume":"8","author":"Zaludin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"98","article-title":"Corrosion behaviour of hydroxyapatite coatings on AZ31 and AZ91 magnesium alloys by plasma spray","volume":"22","author":"Bugdayci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ceram. Process. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-021-05490-0","article-title":"Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxyapatite-Strontium Coating for Improved Corrosion Resistance and Surface Properties of Biodegradable AZ31 Mg Alloy for Biomedical Applications","volume":"30","author":"Bansal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.07.014","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of degradation, cytocompatibility and antibacterial property of polycaprolactone\/hydroxyapatite composite coating on bioresorbable magnesium alloy","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2023.01.019","article-title":"Novel PA encapsulated PCL hybrid coating for corrosion inhibition of biodegradable Mg alloys: A triple triggered self-healing response for synergistic multiple protection","volume":"11","author":"Grewal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.08.066","article-title":"Effect of parylene C coating on the antibiocorrosive and mechanical properties of different magnesium alloys","volume":"427","author":"Surmeneva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.133639","article-title":"Sustainable smart coatings of chitosan and LDH loaded with natural inhibitors for corrosion protection of Mg AZ31 alloy","volume":"688","author":"Binder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00527","article-title":"Biomimetic hyaluronic acid-lysozyme composite coating on AZ31 Mg Alloy with combined antibacterial and osteoinductive activities","volume":"3","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merino, E., Dur\u00e1n, A., Cer\u00e9, S., and Castro, Y. (2022). Hybrid Epoxy-Alkyl Sol\u2013Gel Coatings Reinforced with SiO2 Nanoparticles for Corrosion Protection of Anodized AZ31B Mg Alloy. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8040242"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8269","DOI":"10.20964\/2017.09.46","article-title":"Corrosion Behavior Study of AZ31B magnesium Alloy by Sol-Gel Silica-based Hybrid Coating","volume":"12","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1108\/ACMM-03-2023-2765","article-title":"Developing levodopa-modified sol-gel coating with enhanced anticorrosion performance on Mg alloy AZ31","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anti-Corros. Methods Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.130361","article-title":"A novel sol-gel coating via catechol\/lysine polymerization for long-lasting corrosion protection of Mg alloy AZ31","volume":"656","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.03.020","article-title":"Design of multilayer hybrid sol-gel coatings with bifunctional barrier-bioactive response on the Elektron 21 magnesium alloy for biomedical applications","volume":"9","author":"Rueda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2024.04.009","article-title":"Design multifunctional Mg\u2013Zr coatings regulating Mg alloy bioabsorption","volume":"12","author":"Benzarti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2025.162727","article-title":"Multifunctional MOF-based composite coating on Mg alloy for biodegradable orthopedic implants","volume":"692","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.11.032","article-title":"A combined coating strategy based on atomic layer deposition for enhancement of corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy","volume":"434","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2023.03.006","article-title":"New superhydrophobic composite coatings on Mg-Mn-Ce magnesium alloy","volume":"11","author":"Nadaraia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-012-4677-8","article-title":"Conversion coatings of Mg-alloy AZ91D using trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ionic liquid","volume":"5","author":"Howlett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem. Engl. Ed."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.09.061","article-title":"Enhancement of bone formation on LBL-coated Mg alloy depending on the different concentration of BMP-2","volume":"173","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2024.130371","article-title":"Environmentally friendly and facile Mg(OH)2 film for electroless nickel plating on magnesium alloy for enhanced galvanic corrosion inhibition","volume":"478","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.01.004","article-title":"Corrosion resistance of Mg-Al-LDH steam coating on AZ80 Mg alloy: Effects of citric acid pretreatment and intermetallic compounds","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(97)00090-5","article-title":"The anodic dissolution of magnesium in chloride and sulphate solutions","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"1997","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"537","article-title":"The effect of pore size on the mechanical properties, biodegradation and osteogenic effects of additively manufactured magnesium scaffolds after high temperature oxidation: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(01)00092-0","article-title":"Corrosion rate of magnesium and its alloys in buffered chloride solutions","volume":"44","author":"Inoue","year":"2002","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.05.013","article-title":"Evaluation on the corrosion resistance, antibacterial property and osteogenic activity of biodegradable Mg-Ca and Mg-Ca-Zn-Ag alloys","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.04.096","article-title":"Effect of surface roughness on the in vitro degradation behaviour of a biodegradable magnesium-based alloy","volume":"279","author":"Walter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2009.09.033","article-title":"A survey of bio-corrosion rates of magnesium alloys","volume":"52","author":"Kirkland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35247","article-title":"A mechanistic in vitro study of the microgalvanic degradation of secondary phase particles in magnesium alloys","volume":"103","author":"Walter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.10.006","article-title":"Corrosion behavior, biocompatibility and biomechanical stability of a prototype magnesium-based biodegradable intramedullary nailing system","volume":"59","author":"Schilling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.02.001","article-title":"Corrosion fatigue behavior of additively manufactured biodegradable porous zinc","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2011.07.109","article-title":"Effect of surface coating on antibacterial behavior of magnesium based metals","volume":"65","author":"Ren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.12.037","article-title":"Magnesium hydroxide temporarily enhancing osteoblast activity and decreasing the osteoclast number in peri-implant bone remodelling","volume":"6","author":"Janning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"236","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of Mg\u2013Zn\u2013Ca alloy operative clip","volume":"4","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.12.021","article-title":"The development of binary Mg\u2013Ca alloys for use as biodegradable materials within bone","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"275","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo degradation behavior of Mg\u20132Sr\u2013Ca and Mg\u20132Sr\u2013Zn alloys","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.06.040","article-title":"In vivo degradation behavior of Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite coated Mg\u2013Zn\u2013Ca alloy for bone implant application","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.06.028","article-title":"Research on an Mg\u2013Zn alloy as a degradable biomaterial","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2003.06.020","article-title":"Spatial characteristics of discharge phenomena in plasma electrolytic oxidation of aluminium alloy","volume":"177\u2013178","author":"Yerokhin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2014.03.006","article-title":"Effects of Al2O3 Nano-additive on Performance of Micro-arc Oxidation Coatings Formed on AZ91D Mg Alloy","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2025.131959","article-title":"Fabrication and degradation behavior of MAO-HA coating on Zn-Mg-Ag alloy","volume":"503","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2024.175017","article-title":"Biodegradable PTMC-MAO composite coatings on AZ31 Mg-alloys for enhanced corrosion-resistance","volume":"998","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2020.107832","article-title":"Structure and properties of different elements doped diamond-like carbon on micro-arc oxidation coated AZ31B Mg alloy","volume":"106","author":"Ning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2014.03.021","article-title":"Alternative conversion coatings to chromate for the protection of magnesium alloys","volume":"84","author":"Pommiers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corcom.2023.08.007","article-title":"Electrically conductive and corrosion resistant coating on Mg Li alloys, Part I: Chemical conversion coating","volume":"15","author":"Zhen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Corros. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2023.158797","article-title":"Corrosion and in vitro characteristics of cerium phosphate based chemical conversion coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy","volume":"644","author":"Jayaraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"116","article-title":"Preparation and Corrosion Resistance of Superhydrophobic Phosphate Chemical Conversion Coatings for Magnesium Alloys","volume":"53","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2007.06.035","article-title":"Characterization and corrosion studies of fluoride conversion coating on degradable Mg implants","volume":"202","author":"Chiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2019.06.010","article-title":"Relationship between microstructure and formation-biodegradation mechanism of fluoride conversion coatings synthesised on the AZ31 magnesium alloy","volume":"374","author":"Barajas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2019.09.008","article-title":"Advances in coatings on biodegradable magnesium alloys","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2011.10.003","article-title":"Zn\u2013Al layered double hydroxides as chloride nanotraps in active protective coatings","volume":"55","author":"Tedim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics6020298","article-title":"Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery","volume":"6","author":"Bi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi-Zerankeshi, M., Zohrevand, M., and Alizadeh, R. (2023). Hydrothermal Coating of the Biodegradable Mg-2Ag Alloy. Metals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/met13071260"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133224","article-title":"Effects of hydrothermal coating on the degradation behavior and biocompatibility of an Mg\u20134Zn\u20130.3Sr alloy","volume":"330","author":"Gerashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.01.001","article-title":"Advances in hydroxyapatite coatings on biodegradable magnesium and its alloys","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.153550","article-title":"Modulating the corrosion performance of magnesium alloys through hydroxyapatite coating","volume":"495","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12714","article-title":"Phytic acid and its interactions: Contributions to protein functionality, food processing, and safety","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2016.05.019","article-title":"The chitosan coating and processing effect on the physiological corrosion behaviour of porous magnesium monoliths","volume":"99","author":"Tiyyagura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"132","article-title":"Magnesium incorporated chitosan based scaffolds for tissue engineering applications","volume":"1","author":"Adhikari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2023.135430","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition of moringa loaded chitosan coatings on Mg: A study on antibacterial properties and degradation kinetics","volume":"354","author":"Manzur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-018-6150-5","article-title":"Enhanced corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility of biomimetic hyaluronic acid functionalised silane coating on AZ31 Mg alloy for orthopaedic applications","volume":"29","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.145087","article-title":"Corrigendum to \u201cFunctions achieved by the hyaluronic acid derivatives coating and hydroxide film on bio-absorbed Mg\u201d [Appl. Surf. Sci. 473 (2019) 31\u201339]","volume":"512","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2008.08.010","article-title":"Sol\u2013gel coatings on metals for corrosion protection","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.19970091203","article-title":"Entrapment of biocatalysts in hydrophobic sol-gel materials for use in organic chemistry","volume":"9","author":"Reetz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, J.D., and Sommerdijk, N.A. (2018). Sol-Gel Materials: Chemistry and Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315273808"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2024.07.046","article-title":"Recent advances in protective coatings and surface modifications for corrosion protection of Mg alloys","volume":"31","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Brinker, C.J., and Scherer, G.W. (2013). Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarkov, A. (2024). Sol\u2013Gel Technology Applied to Materials Science: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/books978-3-7258-0159-6"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2011.10.011","article-title":"Recent progress in corrosion protection of magnesium alloys by organic coatings","volume":"73","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018373404815","article-title":"Sol-gel coatings on metals","volume":"8","author":"Guglielmi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2022.103281","article-title":"Self-assembled hybrid silane\/ZnO coatings for corrosion protection of resorbable magnesium alloy","volume":"120","author":"Talha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2024.07.012","article-title":"Fish scale-inspired biomimetic nanocoatings on magnesium implants for vascularized bone regeneration in infected bone defects","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, L., Cui, H., Chen, X., Xu, R., Zhang, Y., and Li, L. (J. Magnes. Alloys, 2025). A multi-level biomimetic LDH coatings with super hydrophobicity, corrosion resistance, anti-icing and anti-fouling properties on magnesium alloy, J. Magnes. Alloys, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2025.04.012"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17077","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c00980","article-title":"Ultralow Boundary Lubrication Friction by Three-Way Synergistic Interactions among Ionic Liquid, Friction Modifier, and Dispersant","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.12.167","article-title":"Effects of pretreatment and process temperature of a conversion coating produced by an aprotic ammonium-phosphate ionic liquid on magnesium corrosion protection","volume":"123","author":"Elsentriecy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2014.08.010","article-title":"Improving corrosion resistance of AZ31B magnesium alloy via a conversion coating produced by a protic ammonium-phosphate ionic liquid","volume":"568","author":"Elsentriecy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00385","article-title":"Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Review of Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"121","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2019.06.024","article-title":"Hydrophobic epoxy resin coating with ionic liquid conversion pretreatment on magnesium alloy for promoting corrosion resistance","volume":"37","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.04.004","article-title":"Fabrication and corrosion property of conversion films on magnesium alloy from deep eutectic solvent","volume":"344","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.161001","article-title":"Research progress on surface protective coatings of biomedical degradable magnesium alloys","volume":"885","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24892","article-title":"Risk of reinfection after two- or multiple-stage knee revision surgery using superficial vancomycin coating and conventional spacers","volume":"39","author":"Amerstorfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2024.05.006","article-title":"Antibacterial HA-coatings on bioresorbable Mg alloy","volume":"12","author":"Nadaraia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/term.74","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins in tissue engineering: The road from laboratory to clinic, part II (BMP delivery)","volume":"2","author":"Bessa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.02.017","article-title":"Growth and characterization of Mg(OH)2 film on magnesium alloy AZ31","volume":"257","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065912","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/add18b","article-title":"Effect of Mg(OH)2 layer on the wear and corrosion properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133013","article-title":"In-situ growth of Mg(OH)2 coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy with the assistance of Ti3C2Tx MXene","volume":"327","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2023.112515","article-title":"In-situ hydrothermal Mg(OH)2-SiO2-Al(OH)3 composite coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy with enhanced corrosion properties","volume":"217","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.143690","article-title":"In-situ growth of layered double hydroxide films on biomedical magnesium alloy by transforming metal oxyhydroxide","volume":"496","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.07.015","article-title":"Incorporation of LDH nanocontainers into plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on Mg alloy","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.08.002","article-title":"Strategies to improve the corrosion resistance of microarc oxidation (MAO) coated magnesium alloys for degradable implants: Prospects and challenges","volume":"60","author":"Narayanan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2021.01.003","article-title":"Excellent plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on AZ61 magnesium alloy under ordinal discharge mode","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2023.08.003","article-title":"A super wear-resistant coating for Mg alloys achieved by plasma electrolytic oxidation and discontinuous deposition","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-025-07152-1","article-title":"AlO2\u2014Effects on Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coating of AZ61 Mg Alloy in KF-KOH Electrolyte","volume":"77","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1080\/02670844.2015.1134855","article-title":"Solvothermal fabrication of TiO2 nanosheet films on degradable Mg\u2013Zn alloys","volume":"32","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2022.10.021","article-title":"Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the photocatalytic properties of PEO coatings on Mg alloy","volume":"11","author":"Mashtalyar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, X., Wang, Y., Ma, J., and Ma, X. (2024). Corrosion Resistance and In Vitro Biological Properties of TiO2 on MAO-Coated AZ31 Magnesium Alloy via ALD. Coatings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14091198"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2025.01.027","article-title":"Recent developments in coatings on biodegradable Mg alloys: A review","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloys"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304737","article-title":"A Universal Approach to Crosslinked Hierarchical Polymer Multilayers as Stable and Highly Effective Antifouling Coatings","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/14\/3411\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:13:11Z","timestamp":1760033591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/14\/3411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18143411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18143411","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]}}}