{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T06:57:09Z","timestamp":1781593029215,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["23KJB560021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KJB560021"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["KFJN2422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJN2422"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["KYCX25_3760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX25_3760"]}]},{"name":"Large Instruments Open Foundation of Nantong University","award":["23KJB560021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KJB560021"]}]},{"name":"Large Instruments Open Foundation of Nantong University","award":["KFJN2422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJN2422"]}]},{"name":"Large Instruments Open Foundation of Nantong University","award":["KYCX25_3760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX25_3760"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["23KJB560021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KJB560021"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KFJN2422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJN2422"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX25_3760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX25_3760"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to investigate the influence of graphene\/rubber powder compound modified asphalt on the low-temperature cracking resistance of drainage asphalt mixtures, graphene\/rubber powder compound modified asphalt mixtures were prepared using graphene\/rubber powder compound modified asphalt for drainage asphalt mixtures, and compared with SBS-modified asphalt and rubber powder-modified asphalt, and the low-temperature cracking resistance of graphene\/rubber powder compound modification asphalt mixtures was investigated through the Marshall Stability Test, Semi-circular Bending Test (SCB), and Freeze\u2013Thaw Split Test. Research was carried out. At the same time, a scanning electric microscope (SEM) was adopted to analyze the micro-mechanism of the graphene\/rubber powder compound modified asphalt mixtures under the microscopic condition. The findings showed that graphene dispersed the aggregation of rubber powder effectively in the microscopic state and improved the stability of the composite modified asphalt. The addition of graphene improved the fracture energy of rubber powder composite modified asphalt by 15.68% under the condition of \u221215 \u00b0C to 0 \u00b0C, which effectively slowed down the decrease of fracture energy; at \u221215 \u00b0C and \u221210 \u00b0C, the largest stresses were improved by 7.50% and 26.71%, respectively, compared to the drainage asphalt mixtures prepared as rubber powder-modified asphalt and SBS-modified asphalt. After a freeze\u2013thaw cycle, the maximum stress decrease of graphene\/rubber powder compound modified asphalt was 21.51% and 10.37% at \u221215 \u00b0C and 0 \u00b0C, respectively. When compared to rubber powder-modified asphalt, graphene\/rubber powder compound modified asphalt significantly improved the low-intensity cracking resistance of drainage asphalt mixtures at low temperatures, slowed down the decrease of the maximum stress, and its low-temperature cracking resistance was more stable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18153451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T10:49:17Z","timestamp":1753267757000},"page":"3451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Study on the Low-Intensity Cracking Resistance of Drainage Asphalt Mixtures by Graphene\/Rubber Powder Compound Modified Asphalt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jingcheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries Company Limited, Shanghai 224005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantong Construction Engineering Quality Testing Center, Nantong 226000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojian","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangru","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"},{"name":"Department of BIM Reserach, Nantong Institute of Technology, Nantong 226002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s11595-023-2700-x","article-title":"Influence of Rubber Powder Movement on Properties of Asphalt Rubber from the Mesoscopic View","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, H., Cao, Y., Liu, Q., Zhang, H., and Zhang, M. (2021). Stability Evaluation and Mechanism of Asphalts Modified With Various Rubber Powder Contents. Front. Mater., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.622479"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Bai, T., Zhang, J., and Gao, Y. (2023). Advances in Regenerated Asphalt Mixtures. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/books978-3-0365-7348-9"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121881","article-title":"Grafting waste rubber powder and its application in asphalt","volume":"271","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Guo, Z., Guo, P., Yang, F., and Li, H. (2021). Research on the Viscosity-Temperature Properties and Thermal Stability of Stabilized Rubber Powder Modified Asphalt. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132413536"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.259","article-title":"Mechanical and thermal properties of graphene modified asphalt binders","volume":"180","author":"Gamiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, H., Wang, Z., Deng, M., Tan, S., and Liang, H. (2025). Adhesion Characteristics of an Asphalt Binder\u2013Aggregate Interface Based on Molecular Dynamics. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18050981"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127222","article-title":"A review on Graphene\/GNPs\/GO modified asphalt","volume":"330","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.3934\/era.2023105","article-title":"Study on the storage stability performance enhancement mechanism of graphene on rubber-modified asphalt based on size effect","volume":"31","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electron. Res. Arch."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e01634","article-title":"Investigation on the anti-aging properties enhancement mechanism of graphene on RA based on size effect","volume":"17","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.112157","article-title":"3D porous graphene nanosheets as efficient additives for high-performance styrene\u2013butadiene\u2013styrene\/crumb rubber blend-modified asphalt","volume":"232","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133038","article-title":"Enhancement of rheological performance and compatibility of tire rubber-modified asphalt binder with the addition of graphene","volume":"402","author":"Adnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong, P., Tang, J., Zhou, F., Guo, R., Yan, J., and Yang, T. (2022). Performance analysis of graphene modified asphalt and pavement performance of SMA mixture. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267225"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e01664","article-title":"Analysis on the road performance of graphene composite rubber asphalt and its mixture","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03919-z","article-title":"Multiscale effect of graphene oxide with short carbon fiber for property improvement of room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381504","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2381504","article-title":"Effect of Polyester Fiber on Air Voids and Low-Temperature Crack Resistance of Permeable Asphalt Mixture","volume":"2020","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128953","article-title":"Performance and mechanism evaluation of dopamine-hexamethylene diamine-iron tetraoxide composite rubber powder incorporated styrene-butadiene-styrene modified asphalt","volume":"351","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-016-0932-3","article-title":"Effects of mixture design variables on rubber\u2013bitumen interaction: Properties of dry mixed rubberized asphalt mixture","volume":"50","author":"Farouk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117737","article-title":"Properties of polystyrene grafted activated waste rubber powder (PS-ARP) composite SBS modified asphalt","volume":"238","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131769","article-title":"Chemical structure of rubber powder on the compatibility of rubber powder asphalt","volume":"392","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05019002","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002910","article-title":"Strategies for Producing Asphalt Mixtures with High RAP Content","volume":"31","author":"Kaseer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civil Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022051","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004193","article-title":"Road Performance Analysis of Cement-Asphalt Emulsion Mixtures Incorporating Different Cementitious Fillers","volume":"34","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civil Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Liu, H., Xiao, Y., Li, J., Wang, T., and Peng, L. (2023). Modification and Enhancing Contribution of Fiber to Asphalt Binders and Their Corresponding Mixtures: A Study of Viscoelastic Properties. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16165727"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K., Liu, C., Li, Q., and Jiang, K. (2022). Laboratory Investigation of the Low-Temperature Crack Resistance of Wood Tar-Based Rejuvenated Asphalt Mixture Based on the Semi-Circular Bend and Trabecular Bending Test. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15207223"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137250","article-title":"Effects of warm-mix additives; anti stripping agent, and graphene nanoplatelet on the cracking resistance, moisture susceptibility, and cost effectiveness of stone mastic asphalt","volume":"438","author":"Sarkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16764","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.28929","article-title":"Enhancing barrier properties: Practical analysis of transport of solvents and gases in natural rubber \/ graphene oxide-silica core shell Hybrid Nanocomposites","volume":"45","author":"Paduvilan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137671","article-title":"Influence of graphene on the composite modified asphalt based on viscoelastic and elastic properties","volume":"443","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Guo, T., Chen, Y., Dong, L., Chen, Q., Hao, M., Zhao, X., and Liu, J. (2022). Study on Rheological Properties of Graphene Oxide\/Rubber Crowd Composite-Modified Asphalt. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15186185"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9809","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c01033","article-title":"Compatibility; Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of a Dimethyl-Sulfoxide-Pretreated Graphene-Modified Asphalt Binder","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1520\/JTE20180624","article-title":"Increasing Precision and Confidence Level in Fracture Energy Measurement by Optimizing the Number of Test Replicates for Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Fracture Test (ASTM D7313)","volume":"47","author":"Oshone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Test. Eval."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022201","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004353","article-title":"Investigation of the Accuracy of Fracture Energy in Evaluating the Low-Temperature Cracking Performance of Asphalt Mixture","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civil Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"06019005","article-title":"Evaluating Crack Resistance of Asphalt Mixture Based on Essential Fracture Energy and Fracture Toughness","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. G\u00e9om\u00e9ch."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129275","article-title":"Investigation of low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures by conducting Disc-Shaped Compact Tension (DC(T)) and Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) tests","volume":"359","author":"Ashani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131566","article-title":"Evaluation of fracture behavior of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) containing recycled materials under different loading modes at low temperatures","volume":"386","author":"Fakhri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132367","article-title":"Another look at the semi-circular bend test for the performance ranking of hot mix asphalt","volume":"395","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.046","article-title":"Fracture properties of asphalt mixtures using semi-circular bending test: A state-of-the-art review and future research","volume":"105","author":"Saha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127651","article-title":"Experimental study of the tensile strength of hot asphalt mixtures measured with indirect tensile and semi-circular bending tests","volume":"339","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pszczola, M., Rys, D., and Jaczewski, M. (2022). Field Evaluation of High Modulus Asphalt Concrete Resistance to Low-Temperature Cracking. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15010369"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8745","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04838-3","article-title":"Comparison of Fracture Test Methods for Evaluating the Crack Resistance of Asphalt Mixture","volume":"45","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Q., Chen, J., Yue, C., Cao, H., Chen, C., and Qian, W. (2023). Investigation on the Through-Thickness Temperature Gradient and Thermal Stress of Concrete Box Girders. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13112882"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.13647","article-title":"Crack resistance of fiber-reinforced asphalt mixtures: Effect of test specimen and test condition","volume":"45","author":"Hajiloo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, L., Fabrizi, N., Fiore, N., and D\u2019Andrea, A. (2021). Mechanical Characteristics of Graphene Nanoplatelets-Modified Asphalt Mixes: A Comparison with Polymer- and Not-Modified Asphalt Mixes. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14092434"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/15\/3451\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:14:33Z","timestamp":1760033673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/15\/3451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18153451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18153451","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]}}}