{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:44:07Z","timestamp":1790639047463,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52474144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52474144"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52004196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52004196"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["EC2024025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC2024025"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["23JS036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JS036"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["HZKY20220534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HZKY20220534"]}]},{"name":"Independent Research fund of the Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining (Anhui University of Science and Technology)","award":["52474144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52474144"]}]},{"name":"Independent Research fund of the Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining (Anhui University of Science and Technology)","award":["52004196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52004196"]}]},{"name":"Independent Research fund of the Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining (Anhui University of Science and Technology)","award":["EC2024025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC2024025"]}]},{"name":"Independent Research fund of the Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining (Anhui University of Science and Technology)","award":["23JS036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JS036"]}]},{"name":"Independent Research fund of the Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining (Anhui University of Science and Technology)","award":["HZKY20220534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HZKY20220534"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Department of Education Key Projects of Scientific Research Program","award":["52474144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52474144"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Department of Education Key Projects of Scientific Research Program","award":["52004196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52004196"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Department of Education Key Projects of Scientific Research Program","award":["EC2024025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC2024025"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Department of Education Key Projects of Scientific Research Program","award":["23JS036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JS036"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Department of Education Key Projects of Scientific Research Program","award":["HZKY20220534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HZKY20220534"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education \u201cChunhui Plan\u201d","award":["52474144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52474144"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education \u201cChunhui Plan\u201d","award":["52004196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52004196"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education \u201cChunhui Plan\u201d","award":["EC2024025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC2024025"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education \u201cChunhui Plan\u201d","award":["23JS036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JS036"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education \u201cChunhui Plan\u201d","award":["HZKY20220534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HZKY20220534"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corrosion-related failures have emerged as a critical driver of premature support bolt failures in underground mines, emphasizing the urgency of understanding the phenomenon with respect to enhancing safety in underground environments. This study investigated key factors influencing bolt degradation through extensive experimental evaluation of cable bolts in simulated underground bolt environments. Multi-stranded cable specimens were exposed to saturated clay, coal, mine water, and grout\/cement environments. Water samples were collected weekly from critical packing sections and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. The mineralogy and atmospheric conditions were identified as principal corrosion factors, and clay-rich and coal matrices accelerated corrosion, linked to high ion mobility and oxygen diffusion. Secondary factors correlated context-dependently: pH was negatively associated with corrosion in mineral-packed environments, while conductivity was correlated with non-mineral matrices. Notably, multi-stranded cables exhibited higher localized galvanic corrosion in inter-strand zones, highlighting design vulnerabilities. This work provides pioneering evidence that geological conditions are primary drivers for corrosion-related failures, offering actionable guidance for corrosion mitigation strategies in mining infrastructure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18153460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T16:04:51Z","timestamp":1753286691000},"page":"3460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Experimental Investigation of Environmental Factors Affecting Cable Bolt Corrosion in Simulated Underground Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saisai","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huai\u2019an 232001, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, School of Resources Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengbo","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, School of Resources Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunshan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huai\u2019an 232001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0819-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Skrzypkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1898-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Zag\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-009-0067-8","article-title":"Field Observations of Rock Bolts in High Stress Rock Masses","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2024.105729","article-title":"Investigation into hydrogen induced fracture of cable bolts under deep stress corrosion coupling conditions","volume":"147","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2023.105198","article-title":"Investigation into durability degradation and fracture of cable bolts through laboratorial tests and hydrogeochemical modelling in underground conditions","volume":"138","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.083","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the pull-out behaviour of fully grouted cable bolts","volume":"191","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2021.103955","article-title":"An analytical model for axial performance of rock bolts under constant confining pressure based on continuously yielding criterion","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2023.107292","article-title":"Characterisation of stress corrosion durability and time-dependent performance of cable bolts in underground mine environments","volume":"150","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-6307(03)00036-0","article-title":"Environmental influence on the stress corrosion cracking of rock bolts","volume":"10","author":"Gamboa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2020.103358","article-title":"A novel numerical-iterative-approach for strain-softening surrounding rock incorporating rockbolts effectiveness and hydraulic-mechanical coupling based on Three-Dimensional Hoek-Brown strength criterion","volume":"101","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-011-0155-4","article-title":"A critical assessment of dynamic rock reinforcement and support testing facilities","volume":"44","author":"Hadjigeorgiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., Cao, X., Zhu, Y., Skrzypkowski, K., and Zag\u00f3rski, K. (2025). Examination of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Rock Bolts in Simulated Underground Environments. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18061275"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-020-4393-z","article-title":"Hydrogeochemical modelling of corrosive environment contributing to premature failure of anchor bolts in underground coal mines","volume":"27","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-6307(99)00033-3","article-title":"Damage due to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking","volume":"7","author":"Woodtli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025996620197","article-title":"Stress corrosion cracking fracture mechanisms in rock bolts","volume":"38","author":"Gamboa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2015.11.011","article-title":"Investigations into the corrosive environments contributing to premature failure of Australian coal mine rock bolts","volume":"26","author":"Craig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4176(200208)53:8<591::AID-MACO591>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Corrosion induced failure mechanisms of prestressing steel","volume":"53","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Corros."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Parrot, R. (1997). An Investigation into the Effects of Corrosion on the Mechanical Properties of Strata Bolts, Independent Metallurgical Practice. Report CN96\/110\/HSE."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"359","article-title":"Support system performance under different corrosion conditions","volume":"108","author":"Hadjigeorgiou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-023-5269-9","article-title":"Experimental investigation of corrosion-induced degradation of rockbolt considering natural fracture and continuous load","volume":"30","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/14749009.2015.1122296","article-title":"Laboratory-based coupon testing for the understanding of SCC in rockbolts","volume":"125","author":"Vandermaat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2013.04.006","article-title":"Fracture characteristics in rock bolts in underground coal mine roadways","volume":"62","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/17480930.2024.2393593","article-title":"Experimental study on mechanical aging properties of self-swelling anchorage bolt under chemical corrosion","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/25726668.2019.1616951","article-title":"Stress corrosion testing of roof bolt grade 60 steel in simulated underground coal mine atmosphere","volume":"128","author":"Bylapudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassell, R., Villaescusa, E., Thompson, A.G., and Kinsella, B. (2004). Corrosion assessment of ground support systems. Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203023921"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2017.10.029","article-title":"Back-calculation of failure stress of rockbolts affected by Stress Corrosion Cracking in underground coal mines","volume":"100","author":"Vandermaat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2020.105013","article-title":"High pH stress corrosion cracking initiation and crack evolution in buried steel pipelines: A review","volume":"120","author":"Niazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2008.01.004","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement and rock bolt stress corrosion cracking","volume":"16","author":"Villalba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2021.105884","article-title":"Microbiologically influenced stress corrosion cracking responsible for catastrophic failure of cable bolts","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Crosky, A., Smith, B., Elias, E., Chen, H., Craig, P., Hagan, P., Saydam, S., and Hebblewhite, B. (2012, January 30\u201331). Stress corrosion cracking failure of rockbolts in underground mines in Australia. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Rockbolting and Rock Mechanics in Mining, Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Villaescusa, E., Hassell, R., and Thompson, A. (2008, January 9\u201311). Development of a corrosivity classification for cement grouted cable strand in underground hard-rock mining excavations. In Proceedings of 5th International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining, Lule\u00e5, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121275","article-title":"Stress corrosion cracking of rockbolts: An in-situ testing approach","volume":"269","author":"Craig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., Zhu, M., Zhang, Z., Yao, Y., Li, Y., and Li, D. (2025). Prediction and risk assessment of stress corrosion failures of prestressed anchors in underground mines. Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1080\/17480930.2025.2494121"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1179\/1743286314Y.0000000060","article-title":"Rock bolt corrosion\u2014An experimental study","volume":"123","author":"Aziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2004.12.021","article-title":"Failure analysis of cold drawn prestressing steel wires subjected to stress corrosion cracking","volume":"12","author":"Toribio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2018.09.009","article-title":"Interactions of stress corrosion cracks in cold drawn pearlitic steel wires: An X-ray micro-computed tomography study","volume":"145","author":"Ramandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Sartola, I., and Aromaa, J. (2003). Corrosion of Rock Bolts and the Effect of Corrosion Protection on the Axial Behaviour of Cable Bolts, SRM 2013\u2014Technology Roadmap of Rock Mechanics, South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S. (2018). Laboratory Based Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Cable Bolts. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of New South Wales].","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12132146"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2022). Steel Wire Ropes (Standard No. JIS G 3536:2022)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2018). Corrosion of Metals\u2014Corrosion Likelihood of Metallic Materials When Subject to Corrosion from the Outside\u2014Part 1: General (Standard No. DIN 50929:2018-09)."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/15\/3460\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:14:52Z","timestamp":1760033692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/15\/3460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18153460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18153460","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]}}}