{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T15:04:10Z","timestamp":1782572650057,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technological Developing Scheme of Ji Lin Province","award":["20240302115GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240302115GX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper, based on the Johnson\u2013Cook damage model, investigates the damage mechanism of high-strength steel tailor welded blanks (TWBs) (Usibor1500P and Ductibor500) during the forming process. Initially, specimens with varying notch sizes were designed and fabricated to perform uniaxial tensile tests to determine their mechanical properties. Then, the deformation process of the notched specimens was simulated using finite element software, revealing the distribution and variation of stress triaxiality at the fracture surface. By combining both experimental and simulation data, the parameters of the Johnson\u2013Cook (J\u2013C) damage model were calibrated, and the effects of temperature, strain rate, and stress triaxiality on material fracture behavior were further analyzed. Based on finite element analysis, the relevant coefficients for stress triaxiality, strain rate, and temperature were systematically calibrated, successfully establishing a J\u2013C fracture criterion for TWB welds, Usibor1500P, and Ductibor500 high-strength steels. Finally, the calibrated damage model was further validated through the Nakajima-type bulge test, and the simulated Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) closely matched the experimental data. The results show that the analysis based on the J\u2013C damage model can effectively predict the fracture behavior of tailor welded blanks (TWB) during the forming process. This study provides reliable numerical predictions for the damage behavior of high-strength steel laser-customized welded sheets and offers a theoretical basis for engineering design and material performance optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18153497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T12:56:43Z","timestamp":1753448203000},"page":"3497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Study on the Damage Mechanisms in the Forming Process of High-Strength Steel Laser Tailor Welded Blanks Based on the Johnson\u2013Cook Damage Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xianping","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2023.111506","article-title":"Laser beam oscillation welding for fatigue properties enhancement of tailor-welded blanks","volume":"196","author":"Jambor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Yu, C., Yu, H., and Zhao, C. (2017). Mechanical Properties Improvement of Laser Tailor Welded Blanks of DP600 Steel by Magnetic Treatment. Metals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/met7030085"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2013.08.015","article-title":"A review on tailored blanks\u2014Production, applications and evaluation","volume":"214","author":"Merklein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2022.108713","article-title":"Investigation of mechanical properties of laser welded dual-phase steels at macro and micro levels","volume":"157","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-06100-4","article-title":"Steel sheets partnered with quenchable sheet in hot stamping of tailor-welded blanks and its application to separation prevention of fractured components","volume":"111","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2019.02.164","article-title":"Experimental and Numerical Studies on Formability of Tailor Welded Blanks of High Strength Steel","volume":"29","author":"Gautam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2023.110543","article-title":"Mechanical properties of high strength steels and weld metals at arctic low temperatures","volume":"185","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.12.192","article-title":"Formability of tailor welded blanks of aluminium alloy and steel\u2014A review","volume":"46","author":"Deepika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-016-2011-x","article-title":"FE Simulation Models for Hot Stamping an Automobile Component with Tailor-Welded High-Strength Steels","volume":"25","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012052","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/896\/1\/012052","article-title":"Forming of an axially tailored automotive channel section through hot stamping of tailor-welded blanks","volume":"896","author":"Peister","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(99)00412-4","article-title":"A novel forming technology for tailor-welded blanks","volume":"99","author":"Kinsey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2003.09.005","article-title":"On modeling of the weld line in finite element analyses of tailor-welded blank forming operations","volume":"147","author":"Raymond","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.189-193.2888","article-title":"Investigation on the Elongation of Tailor Welded Blanks with Different Thickness","volume":"189\u2013193","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-006-0491-9","article-title":"Optimization of contact forces in tailor-welded blanks forming process","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"012083","article-title":"Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Hot Stamping of TWB B-Pillar. IOP Conference Series","volume":"967","author":"ChiuHuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-08406-3","article-title":"Control of defects in the deep drawing of tailor-welded blanks for complex-shape automotive panel","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.07.005","article-title":"Finite element prediction with experimental validation of damage distribution in single trabeculae during three-point bending tests","volume":"27","author":"Ridha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-7944(85)90052-9","article-title":"Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures and pressures","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, F., Liu, X., Wang, B., and Xiang, Y. (2024). Investigations on the Johnson-Cook Constitutive and Damage-Fracture Model Parameters of a Q345C Steel. Metals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/met14050509"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, E., Cavusoglu, O., and G\u00fcral, A. (2025). Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Strain Rate Dependent Flow and Fracture Behavior of 6181A-T4 Alloy Using the Johnson\u2014Cook Model. Crystals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst15060528"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2020.102788","article-title":"Strain rate and temperature dependent fracture of aluminum alloy 7075: Experiments and neural network modeling","volume":"135","author":"Pandya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.142693","article-title":"The investigation on Johnson-Cook model and dynamic mechanical behaviors of ultra-high strength steel M54","volume":"835","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skripnyak, V.V., and Skripnyak, V.A. (2022). Mechanical Behavior of Alpha Titanium Alloys at High Strain Rates, Elevated Temperature, and under Stress Triaxiality. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12081300"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2021.104498","article-title":"Modified Johnson-Cook constitutive model of metallic materials under a wide range of temperatures and strain rates","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2023.204977","article-title":"A novel calibration procedure of Johnson-Cook damage model parameters for simulation of scratch abrasion","volume":"528\u2013529","author":"Rajaraman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4042870","article-title":"The Precise Determination of the Johnson\u2013Cook Material and Damage Model Parameters and Mechanical Properties of an Aluminum 7068-T651 Alloy","volume":"141","author":"Bal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadpoor, A.A., Sinke, J., and Benedictus, R. (2011). 4-Numerical simulation modeling of tailor welded blank forming. In Woodhead Publishing Series in Welding and Other Joining Technologies. Tailor Welded Blanks Adv. Manuf., 68\u201394.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857093851.1.68"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-021-02896-8","article-title":"Experimental and numerical studies on the influence of formability of AISI 316L tailor-welded blanks at different weld line orientations","volume":"43","author":"Zadpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10940","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-023-08733-4","article-title":"Determination of Parameters for Johnson-Cook Dynamic Constitutive and Damage Models for E250 Structural Steel and Experimental Validations","volume":"33","author":"Gopinath","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2015.05.073","article-title":"Determination of Johnson cook material and failure model constants and numerical modelling of Charpy impact test of armour steel","volume":"640","author":"Banerjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2002). Metallic Materials\u2014Tensile Testing at Room Temperature (Standard No. GB\/T 228-2002)."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1611","article-title":"A Review of the Constitutive Modelling of Metals and Alloys in Machining Process","volume":"31","author":"Banerjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2021.103897","article-title":"A generalized plasticity model incorporating stress state, strain rate and temperature effects","volume":"155","author":"Dou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2014.09.019","article-title":"Failure strain formulation via average stress triaxiality of an EH36 high strength steel","volume":"91","author":"Choung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2009). Metallic Materials\u2014Determination of Forming Limit Curves for Sheet and Strip\u2014Part 2: Determination of Forming Limit Curves in the Laboratory (Standard No. GB\/T 24171.2-2009)."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2008). Metallic Materials-Sheet and Strip\u2014Determination of Forming-Limit Curves\u2014Part 2: Determination of Forming-Limit Curves in the Laboratory (Standard No. ISO 12004-2:2008)."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-025-15142-5","article-title":"Study on hot formability of high-strength steel laser tailor welded blanks based on microscopic damage modeling","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2020.106299","article-title":"Elevated temperature material properties of advanced high strength steel alloys","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40038-017-0017-6","article-title":"Mechanical properties of High and Very High Steel at elevated temperatures and after cooling down","volume":"6","author":"Maraveas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fire Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2021.106739","article-title":"Ultrahigh-strength steels at elevated temperatures","volume":"183","author":"Kangaspuoskari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Constr. Steel Res."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/15\/3497\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:16:09Z","timestamp":1760033769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/15\/3497"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18153497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18153497","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]}}}