{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:49:00Z","timestamp":1771040940560,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","award":["S3282623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3282623"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of low-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) coating in combination with vacuum plasma treatment on titanium implants, aiming to enhance osseointegration and bone regeneration while minimizing the adverse effects associated with high-dose rhBMP-2. In vitro analyses demonstrated that plasma treatment increased surface energy, promoting cell adhesion and proliferation. Additionally, it facilitated sustained rhBMP-2 release by enhancing protein binding to the implant surface. In vivo experiments using the four-beagle mandibular defect model were conducted with the following four groups: un-treated implants, rhBMP-2\u2013coated implants, plasma-treated implants, and implants treated with both rhBMP-2 and plasma. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and medical CT analyses revealed a significantly greater volume of newly formed bone in the combined treatment group (p &lt; 0.05). Histological evaluation further confirmed superior outcomes in the combined group, showing significantly higher bone-to-implant contact (BIC), new bone area (NBA), and inter-thread bone density (ITBD) compared to the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). These findings indicate that vacuum plasma treatment enhances the biological efficacy of low-dose rhBMP-2, representing a promising strategy to improve implant integration in compromised conditions. Further studies are warranted to determine the optimal clinical dosage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18153582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:29:02Z","timestamp":1753885742000},"page":"3582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of Low-Dose rhBMP-2 and Vacuum Plasma Treatments on Titanium Implants for Osseointegration and Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2174-7333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Tak","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9361-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soon Chul","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2962-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8957-0354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Soo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Se Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9287-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang-Ho","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung-Bo","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Sciences Institute, Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00146-4","article-title":"Titanium alloys in total joint replacement\u2014A materials science perspective","volume":"19","author":"Long","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328216679761","article-title":"Enhancement of osseointegration by direct coating of rhBMP-2 on target-ion induced plasma sputtering treated SLA surface for dental application","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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