{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:05Z","timestamp":1760060105065,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Projects of China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited","award":["2024YJ196","GJNY-22-85"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YJ196","GJNY-22-85"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project of China National Energy Group","award":["2024YJ196","GJNY-22-85"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YJ196","GJNY-22-85"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The operation of heavy-haul railway trains with large loads results in significant cracking issues in reinforced concrete beams. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, oxygen, and moisture from the atmosphere penetrate into the beam interior through these cracks, accelerating the carbonation of the concrete and the corrosion of the steel bars. The rust-induced expansion of steel bars further exacerbates the cracking of the beam. The interaction between environmental factors and beam cracks leads to a rapid decline in the durability of the beam. To address this issue, a multi-physics field coupling durability assessment method was proposed, considering concrete beam cracking, concrete carbonation, and steel bar corrosion. The interaction among these three factors is achieved through sequential coupling, using crack width, carbonation passivation time, and steel bar corrosion rate as interaction parameters. Using this method, the deterioration morphology and stiffness degradation laws of 8 m reinforced concrete beams under different load conditions, including those of heavy and light trains in heavy-haul railways, are compared and assessed. The analysis reveals that within a 100-year service cycle, the maximum relative stiffness reduction for beams on the heavy train line is 20.0%, whereas for the light train line, it is only 7.4%. The degree of structural stiffness degradation is closely related to operational load levels, and beam cracking plays a critical role in this difference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18153622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T15:30:06Z","timestamp":1754321406000},"page":"3622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbonation and Corrosion Durability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Beam in Heavy-Haul Railways by Multi-Physics Coupling-Based Analytical Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wu-Tong","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High Speed Railway Track System, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High Speed Railway Track System, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Hua","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High Speed Railway Track System, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7622-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long-Biao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Urban Construction Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi-Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, L., Liu, J.L., Liu, R., Sun, H.S., and Yu, Z.W. 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