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Based on the hydraulic pressure theory, a new concrete freeze\u2013thaw damage model was proposed by assuming the defect development mode of concrete during freeze\u2013thaw cycles. The model shows that the total amount of defects due to freeze\u2013thaw damage is related to the initial defects and the defect development capacity within the concrete. Based on the new freeze\u2013thaw damage model, an equation for the loss of relative dynamic elastic modulus of concrete during freeze\u2013thaw cycles was established using the relative dynamic elastic modulus of concrete as the defect indicator. In order to validate the damage model using relative dynamic elastic modulus as the defect index, freeze\u2013thaw cycle tests of four kinds of concrete with different air content were carried out, and the rationality of the model was verified by the relative dynamic elastic modulus of concrete measured under different freeze\u2013thaw cycling periods. On this basis, a freeze\u2013thaw damage model of concrete was established considering the effect of air content in concrete. In addition, the model proposed in this paper was supplemented and validated by experimental data from other researchers. The results show that the prediction model proposed in this study is not only easy to apply and has clear physical meaning but also has high accuracy and general applicability, which provides support for predicting the degree of freeze\u2013thaw damage of concrete structures in cold regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18153708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T08:33:06Z","timestamp":1754555586000},"page":"3708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A New Concrete Freeze\u2013Thaw Damage Model Based on Hydraulic Pressure Mechanism and Its Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8823-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lantian","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Jinnan District, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, M.O.T., Binhai New District, 2618 Xingang 2nd Road, Tianjin 300456, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanzhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Jinnan District, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianqi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Jinnan District, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mehta, P. 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