{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:01:50Z","timestamp":1780455710716,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE)","award":["HICOE2.0\/5210004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HICOE2.0\/5210004"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE)","award":["WZ\/WM-IIM\/5\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WM-IIM\/5\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE)","award":["WZ\/WM-IIB\/4\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WM-IIB\/4\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","award":["HICOE2.0\/5210004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HICOE2.0\/5210004"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","award":["WZ\/WM-IIM\/5\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WM-IIM\/5\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","award":["WZ\/WM-IIB\/4\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WM-IIB\/4\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned maritime vehicles (UMVs) have become essential tools in marine research and monitoring, significantly enhancing operational efficiency and reducing risks and costs. Fiber-reinforced composites have been widely used in marine applications due to their excellent characteristics. However, environmental concerns and the pursuit of sustainable development goals have driven the development of environmentally friendly materials. The development of eco-friendly biocomposites for UMV construction can effectively reduce the environmental impact of marine equipment. This study investigates the effects of seawater aging on kenaf\/flax\/glass-fiber-reinforced composites under artificial seawater conditions and determines their ranking for UMVs using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). These hybrid composites, fabricated with various stacking sequences, were prepared using a combination of hand lay-up and vacuum bagging techniques. All plant fibers underwent sodium hydroxide treatment to eliminate impurities and enhance interfacial bonding, while nano-silica was incorporated into the epoxy matrix to improve overall performance. After 50 days of immersion in artificial seawater, mechanical tests were conducted to evaluate the extent of changes in mechanical properties. Subsequently, the AHP analysis was performed based on three main criteria and thirteen sub-criteria to determine the most suitable configuration for marine applications. The results demonstrate that the stacking sequence plays a critical role in resisting seawater-induced degradation and maintaining mechanical performance. GKFKG exhibited the highest retention rates for both tensile strength (86.77%) and flexural strength (88.36%). Furthermore, the global priority vector derived from the AHP analysis indicates that hybrid composites consisting of kenaf, flax, and glass fibers consistently ranked highest. The optimum configuration among these hybrid composites was determined to be GKFKG, followed by GFKFG, GKKKG, and GKGKG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18163731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T15:30:52Z","timestamp":1754667052000},"page":"3731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["AHP-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Kenaf\/Flax\/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites for Unmanned Maritime Vehicle Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0156-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5110-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre (944751-A), Prime Minister\u2019s Department, MIGHT Partnership Hub, Jalan Impact, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0373-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"\u0141ukaszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45C Wiejska St., 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1841-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah","family":"Shahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8719-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Oksiuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45C Wiejska St., 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11804-022-00276-9","article-title":"A Review of Current Research and Advances in Unmanned Surface Vehicles","volume":"21","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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