{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:54:38Z","timestamp":1787320478758,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BiOrgaMCT","award":["BG-RRP 2.004-0002-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP 2.004-0002-C01"]}]},{"name":"Bulgarian National Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["BG-RRP 2.004-0002-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP 2.004-0002-C01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The CaO-SiO2-P2O5 system is one of the main systems studied aiming for the synthesis of new bioactive materials for bone regeneration. The interest in materials containing calcium-phosphate-silicate phases is determined by their biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioactivity, and osseointegration. The object of the present study is the synthesis by the sol-gel method of biocompatible glass-ceramics in the Ca2SiO4-Ca3(PO4)2 subsystem with the composition 6Ca2SiO4\u00b7Ca3(PO4)2 = Ca15(PO4)2(SiO4)6. The phase-structural evolution of the samples was monitored using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and surface area analysis. A powder (20\u201330 \u00b5m) glass-ceramic material containing fine crystalline aggregates of dicalcium silicate and plates of silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite was obtained after heat treatment at 700 \u00b0C. After heat treatment at 1200 \u00b0C, Ca15(PO4)2(SiO4)6, silicocarnotite Ca5(PO4)2(SiO4), and pseudowollastonite CaSiO3 were identified by XRD, and the particle size varied between 20 and 70 \u00b5m. The compact glass-ceramic obtained at 1400 \u00b0C contained Ca2SiO4-Ca3(PO4)2 solid solutions with an \u03b1-Ca2SiO4 structure as a main crystalline phase. SEM showed the specific morphology of the crystalline phases and illustrated the trend of increasing particle size depending on the synthesis temperature. Effects of the glass-ceramic materials on cell viability of HL-60-derived osteoclast-like cells and on the expression of apoptotic and osteoclast-driven marker suggested that all materials at low concentrations, above 1 \u00b5g mL\u22121, are biocompatible, and S-1400 might have a potential application as a scaffold material for bone regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18163887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T07:50:46Z","timestamp":1755676246000},"page":"3887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["New Glass-Ceramics in the System Ca2SiO4-Ca3(PO4)2\u2014Phase Composition, Microstructure, and Effect on the Cell Viability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Mihailova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Silicate Technology, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kl. Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0920-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petya","family":"Dimitrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3465-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgi","family":"Avdeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry \u201cRostislaw Kaischew\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radostina","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic and Electrochemical Production, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kl. Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hristo","family":"Georgiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Safety, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kl. Ohridski Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Nedkova-Shtipska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Safety, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kl. 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