{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T19:47:04Z","timestamp":1780602424722,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dental caries is a prevalent dental problem affecting primary and permanent teeth. Early demineralization of enamel lesions can be reversed through remineralization. Many studies have focused on caries prevention and disease progression arrest using silver diamine fluoride (SDF). No in vitro studies have compared the remineralization effects of different 38% SDF solutions on artificially demineralized enamel lesions. This study aimed to compare the remineralization potential of three commercial 38% silver diamine fluoride formulations on artificial enamel lesions in primary teeth using a pH cycling model. The hypothesis was as follows: different commercial SDF formulations would exhibit varying remineralization effects, as measured by surface microhardness, due to potential differences in their compositions. Materials and Methods: In this study, 75 primary molars were randomized into five groups (N = 15): I: baseline, II: SDF Riva Star Aqua\u00ae 38%, III: Riva Star\u00ae 38%, IV: SDF Advantage Arrest\u00ae 38%, and V: control. Artificial caries were created by submerging teeth in 10 mL of demineralization solution (pH 4.5) for three days in a light-resistant container, ensuring distinct visual changes in the enamel as per the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS level 2). After pH cycling, all samples underwent a standardized Vickers microhardness test (VMHT) with a 50 g load for 15 s. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s post hoc test, with a significance level set at p \u2264 0.05. Results: The one-way ANOVA test indicated a significant difference in microhardness among the groups (SDF Riva Star Aqua, SDF Riva Star, and SDF Advantage Arrest), with an F-value of 167.73 and p &lt; 0.001. The post hoc Scheff\u00e9 test showed that SDF Riva Star Aqua and SDF Riva Star were not significantly different (p = 0.388). However, SDF Advantage Arrest had a significantly higher mean microhardness compared to both groups (p &lt; 0.001). Overall, these results show that SDF Advantage Arrest leads to greater microhardness than SDF Riva Star Aqua or SDF Riva Star. Conclusions: SDF Advantage Arrest showed superior performance among the SDF-treated groups, significantly increasing microhardness compared to SDF Riva Star Aqua and SDF Riva Star. This suggests that SDF Advantage Arrest offers enhanced remineralization and structural strengthening, making it the most effective option for managing demineralized primary teeth. Future research should investigate the long-term performance and mechanisms of these treatments to optimize clinical protocols for preserving primary tooth integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18163889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T07:50:46Z","timestamp":1755676246000},"page":"3889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional Coating Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) on Artificial Caries Lesions: A Microhardness-Based Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4040-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Alshamrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem A.","family":"Alajlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waad E.","family":"Alsaadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad M.","family":"Alabdulmohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munira","family":"Abuthnain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Fernando","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Translational Sciences, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0751-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Lowenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Translational Sciences, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-191069","article-title":"An in-vitro evaluation of fluoride content and enamel remineralization potential of two toothpastes containing different bioactive glasses","volume":"30","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bio-Med. 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