{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:21:30Z","timestamp":1793391690890,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52304070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104972024RSCbs0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104972024RSCbs0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC3001303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3001303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["52304070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304070"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42271026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271026"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["104972024RSCbs0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104972024RSCbs0005"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2021YFC3001303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3001303"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["52304070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52304070"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42271026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271026"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["104972024RSCbs0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104972024RSCbs0005"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC3001303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3001303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the continuous increase in mining activities, effective tailings management has become a critical concern in geotechnical and environmental engineering. This study systematically investigates the microstructural characteristics and 3D reconstruction behavior of copper tailings with different particle sizes using X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT), digital image processing, and 3D modeling techniques. Two particle size groups (fine: 0.075\u20130.15 mm; coarse: 0.15\u20130.3 mm) were analyzed to quantify differences in particle morphology, pore structure, and orientation anisotropy. Binary images and reconstructed models revealed that coarse particles tend to have more irregular and angular shapes, while fine particles exhibit more complex pore networks with higher fractal dimensions. The apparent porosity derived from CT data was consistently lower than laboratory measurements, likely due to internal agglomeration effects. Orientation analysis indicated that particle alignment and anisotropy vary systematically with section angle relative to the principal stress direction. These findings offer new insights into the particle-scale mechanisms affecting the packing, porosity, and anisotropy of tailings, providing a scientific basis for enhancing the structural evaluation and sustainable management of tailings storage facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18163895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T15:53:37Z","timestamp":1755705217000},"page":"3895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reconstruction and Microstructure Characterization of Tailings Materials with Varying Particle Sizes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6862-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenkai","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingnan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Slope Safety Risk Warning and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s10035-022-01304-9","article-title":"Dynamic characteristics of sphere impact into wet granular materials considering suction","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Granul. 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