{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:18:24Z","timestamp":1793391504540,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endodontic sealers are crucial for achieving an effective root canal obturation, preventing reinfection and promoting long-term treatment success. This review categorizes sealers by chemical composition, including traditional types such as zinc oxide-eugenol, glass ionomer, silicone, methacrylate and epoxy resins, calcium hydroxide, and the latest bioceramic formulations. Each type is evaluated for its physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, sealing ability, antimicrobial activity, and clinical limitations. A significant focus is placed on recent research into modifications of these materials with antimicrobial agents, aimed at improving antibacterial properties, bioactivity, and sealing performance. Among these, chitosan emerges as the most promising additive due to its broad antimicrobial spectrum, low cytotoxicity, and enhancement of sealing capacity. While bioceramic sealers represent a notable advancement due to their bioactivity and favorable interaction with moist environments, concerns regarding potential neurotoxicity and retreatability remain. The article presents recent advancements in the enhancement of endodontic sealers through the incorporation of organic and inorganic additives. It further delineates key research priorities, particularly the integration of bioactive materials, nanotechnology, and naturally derived compounds, with an emphasis on their potential applications in pediatric endodontics. Overall, while contemporary sealers offer a wide range of benefits, continued innovation is needed to optimize their biological safety, mechanical performance, and clinical usability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18184259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T14:23:50Z","timestamp":1757600630000},"page":"4259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Endodontic Sealers and Innovations to Enhance Their Properties: A Current Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8783-2365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"B\u0142aszczyk-Po\u015bpiech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Center, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Struzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Center, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4251-6841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Szymonowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Center, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9125-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Sare\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Center, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Stanis\u0142awa Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5666-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Wi\u015bniewska-Wrona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Circular Economy, \u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014\u0141\u00f3d\u017a Institute of Technology, Marii Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 19\/27, 90-570 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9722-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Wi\u015bniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2368-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Dobrzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wawrzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Center, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1997.tb00113.x","article-title":"Serious Complications of Endodontic Infections: Some Caustionary Tales","volume":"42","author":"Walsh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust. 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