{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:03:47Z","timestamp":1787501027767,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12402091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12402091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF","award":["GZB20240984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZB20240984"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Project in Shaanxi Province","award":["2Q24BSHSD22134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2Q24BSHSD22134"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the microstructural evolution and damage mechanisms of the nickel-based single-crystal superalloy DD9-thermal barrier coating (TBC) system under 1050 \u00b0C high-temperature oxidation, while conducting a comparative analysis of oxidation behavior with the DD6-TBC system. Results show that both systems have similar oxidation mechanisms but face long-term oxidation drawbacks: as oxidation time increases, the thermally grown oxide (TGO) evolves into a mixed oxide layer and an Al2O3 layer, with initial rapid TGO growth consuming Al in the bond coat (BC) and subsequent Al depletion slowing growth, though long-term TGO accumulation raises cracking and spallation risks. DD9 and DD6 substrates significantly affect substrate-BC interfacial interdiffusion: the interdiffusion zone (IDZ) and secondary reaction zone (SRZ) grow continuously (SRZ growing faster), and linear topologically close-packed (TCP) phases precipitate in the SRZ, spreading throughout the substrate and impairing high-temperature mechanical properties. Specifically, DD9\u2019s IDZ growth rate is faster than DD6\u2019s in the first 800 h of oxidation but slows below DD6\u2019s afterward, reflecting DD9\u2019s superior long-term oxidation resistance due to better temperature resistance and high-temperature stability. This study clarifies key high-temperature service disadvantages of the two systems, providing experimental support for coated turbine blade life evaluation and a theoretical basis for optimizing third-generation single-crystal superalloy-TBC systems to enhance high-temperature service stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18184332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T11:19:31Z","timestamp":1758021571000},"page":"4332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Microstructure Evolution and Damage Mechanism of DD9 Single Crystal Superalloy-Thermal Barrier Coating System Under High Temperature Oxidation: A Comparative Study with DD6"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Pan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory on the Impact Protection and Safety Assessment of Civil Aviation Vehicle, Taicang 215400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7180-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment and Protection Technology, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Energetic Materials, Xi\u2019an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaochao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment and Protection Technology, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4377-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory on the Impact Protection and Safety Assessment of Civil Aviation Vehicle, Taicang 215400, China"},{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2265","article-title":"Influence of the Ambient Temperature on the Efficiency of Gas Turbines","volume":"20","author":"Goucem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fluid. 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