{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:04:01Z","timestamp":1793120641237,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AGH University of Krakow","award":["5178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5178"]}]},{"name":"AGH University of Krakow","award":["16.16.170.654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.170.654"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow","award":["5178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5178"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow","award":["16.16.170.654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.170.654"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, polysaccharide xanthan gum (XG), used in the oil and gas industry as a thickening agent, was evaluated as an active anti-corrosion component against sweet corrosion at high temperatures and pressures in a saline environment for N80 carbon steel in the oil and gas industry. The evaluation involved measuring weight loss and conducting electrochemical assessments at 5 bar CO2 partial pressure, different temperatures (e.g., 30 \u00b0C and 90 \u00b0C), and immersion times (up to 72 h). The electrochemical results indicated that XG effectively mitigated CO2 corrosion at both low and high temperatures, demonstrating inhibition efficiencies of 70.10% at 30 \u00b0C and 61.41% at 90 \u00b0C using 1.0 g L\u22121 of XG, after 24 h. The good inhibition efficiency observed even at high temperatures is likely due to the denaturation process that XG undergoes at high temperatures, where a rigid double-stranded helical structure transitions into two single-stranded, more flexible, worm-like macromolecular conformations. This increases the number and mobility of XG macromolecules available for adsorption on the metal surface. EIS measurements have shown that XG was capable of protecting the metal surface even after prolonged exposure. Potentiodynamic measurements indicated that the inhibitive action of XG is of a mixed type. The Temkin adsorption isotherm model provided a good fit for the observed data, and the calculated parameters suggested that the adsorption of XG primarily occurred through physical adsorption processes, with a contribution from chemical processes. The associated activation energy and the heat of adsorption further supported the physical nature of XG\u2019s adsorption. FTIR analysis was employed to elucidate the interaction between the XG and the N80 carbon steel surface, while SEM-EDS analysis provided visual confirmation of the XG\u2019s impact on the metal surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18194450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T15:54:54Z","timestamp":1758642894000},"page":"4450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Xanthan Gum as an Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for N80 Carbon Steel Under High Pressure and High Temperature in Saline CO2-Saturated Solution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2184-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Corrosion of Metals, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, L.J.R. (2023). The Rising Threat of Atmospheric CO2: A Review on the Causes, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies. Environments, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments10040066"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2020.108442","article-title":"Influence of corrosion products on the inhibition effect of pyrimidine derivative for the corrosion of carbon steel under supercritical CO2 conditions","volume":"166","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corros. 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